Another world conquest manual

Chapter 317 Some truths!

In the chemistry and physics textbooks of nine-year compulsory education, a basic concept is basically mentioned:

Positively charged particles are called cations, while electrons are negatively charged.

An electron carries a negative charge, and a proton carries a positive charge. The electricity they carry is the smallest unit of electricity.

The scientific term is elemental charge, with a numerical value of 1.6*10^-19C.

For a high school level of knowledge, there is nothing wrong with this concept.

But actually

There are positively charged electrons in the world.

It is a form of antimatter.

Before talking about antimatter, we should pay attention to distinguishing between antimatter and dark matter.

Many friends easily confuse these two concepts.

In fact, antimatter and dark matter are two different concepts, and their similarities mainly lie in their names.

To put it loosely, the actual relationship between the two is similar to the relationship between humans and pigs - that is, there is no relationship at all.

Antimatter is a macroscopic concept, and antimatter is composed of antiparticles.

Antiparticles are a concept that was proposed during the development of quantum mechanics.

Everyone is familiar with the Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics—of course, the name Schrödinger should be familiar.

After all, Schrödinger’s cat is already an out-of-the-box meme.

However, the Schrödinger equation is actually only applicable when the energy is relatively low, and has certain limitations.

When the energy is high, relativistic effects need to be considered.

Later, a well-known classmate named Dirac appeared in the history of physics, and he considered the special theory of relativity.

He extended the Schrödinger equation to high-energy situations and finally obtained the Dirac equation.

Dirac calculated and found that this equation has two solutions, corresponding to positive energy and negative energy.

Positive energy is easy to understand:

A particle can have any positive energy from 0 to positive infinity.

The energy corresponding to the negative energy solution is from 0 to negative infinity.

If a particle has a negative energy state, it is possible for the electron to jump from a high-energy state to a low-energy state.

That is, radiating photons and losing energy.

This is antiparticle, or antimatter.

Dirac predicted the existence of the positron, and later another person, Anderson, discovered it experimentally.

In the end, both of them won the Nobel Prize, and the positron was also the first antimatter discovered by humans.

In addition, hole carriers in semiconductors, positrons in vacuum, and holes near the Fermi surface in metals are all derived in the same way.

Of course, when lsp sees the above line of text, it may only notice holes, flows and vacuum.

There is no hope, just wait for death and say goodbye.

Ahem

The sight returns to the helicopter cabin.

At this moment.

Li Baian and Academician Pan frowned at the same time, obviously encountering a problem.

"Weird. So weird."

Li Baian frowned and checked the observation report over and over again, with a strong expression of confusion on his face:

"Why are positrons detected at the boundary of space? Could it be that the so-called boundary is a static field?"

Beside him, Academician Pan also showed a similar expression.

He pulled back his sparse hair and counted with his fingers:

"There are not many reactions that can generate positrons, and there are only a few types of reactions.

In addition to beta reactions, there are only a few mutually weak interaction processes and the first branch of the pp chain reaction that can be generated.

Oh, right.

There is also a star where the main nuclear reaction will also release positrons, but it cannot be that the other side of the space boundary is the core of Perseverance, right?

Then it seems to be gone and so on! "

As he said something, he suddenly thought of something, turned his head suddenly, and stared at Li Baian:

"Mr. Li, lightning! And lightning!"

Li Baian was stunned for a moment when he heard this, and then his eyes widened.

Yes.

In addition to the reactions mentioned by Academician Pan, there is another reaction that releases positrons!

That’s Bremsstrahlung radiation!

This is the reaction that generates lightning.

Everyone should have seen thunderstorms, especially if you have followed Jam Hsiao and King Xiao Long.

When there is a thunderstorm, the high-speed electrons in the thundercloud layer will collide with other particles and slow down.

When there is deceleration, there will naturally be energy loss. This is a very basic concept.

In bremsstrahlung, the reduced kinetic energy of high-speed electrons is emitted in the form of gamma rays.

When gamma rays hit a certain atom in the atmosphere and knock out a fast neutron, that atom will turn into a certain isotope.

This type of isotope is unstable and undergoes β+ decay.

A proton in the nucleus of an isotope becomes a neutron, a neutrino and a positron.

Finally, the positrons annihilate with the normal electrons, emitting gamma rays again.

In fact, this is also the principle of positron emission tomography, which is PET.

PET injects nitrogen isotopes into the human body together with fructose, and the human body metabolizes the radioactive fructose.

In this way, cancerous sites with high metabolic activity will emit more gamma rays in response.

In bremsstrahlung, the atoms in the atmosphere that are hit by gamma rays are called

nitrogen!

That isotope is called nitrogen-13.

Does this name sound familiar?

That’s right!

What cyclones inhale every day is nitrogen!

Think of this.

Li Baian quickly turned around and said to his assistant Zhao Zhiming:

"Xiao Zhao, please get tested quickly.

What is the amount of nitrogen near the boundary and what is the measure of gamma rays! "

Zhao Zhiming nodded quickly when he heard this, and quickly started operating with his hands:

"Understood, I'll test it now!"

The detection of nitrogen and gamma rays is very simple and does not even require additional equipment.

After about seven or eight minutes, Zhao Zhiming raised his head excitedly:

"Mr. Li, the results are out!

The amount of subsidence near the edge of space is 88 kilograms per hectare, and the gamma ray measurement is 99.8 kilojoules per square meter! "

Academician Pan smacked his lips when he heard this and said:

"Good guy, 99.8? If it grows several times longer, it will be enough to wipe out an area as big as an island country."

Then he thought about it carefully, looked at Li Baian and said:

"Mr. Li, if nothing unexpected happens, we can already deduce the context of certain situations:

Tiangong space absorbs a large amount of nitrogen every early morning. After entering the space, this nitrogen passes through the boundary and undergoes Bremsstrahlung radiation. It releases positrons and a large amount of heat, providing a sufficient living environment for microorganisms in the space. .

The remaining nitrogen reacts with microorganisms to generate a large number of Y particles.

These Y particles escape from the gaps in space, forming the unique cold environment of Qingcheng Mountain.

As for the reason why the reaction happens every day at 5:55 in the morning, it is probably that only then will high-speed electrons hit from outside the boundary."

As Academician Pan was talking, he suddenly frowned again.

Li Baian noticed his abnormality and asked proactively:

"Xiao Pan, did you think of anything else?"

Academician Pan hesitated for a while, but decided to express his feelings:

"Mr. Li, I always feel that something is wrong.

With such a large gamma ray stream, theoretically the number of Y particles generated should not be so small.

This is also true for the conservation of momentum in the center of mass system that we talked about before."

As a top figure in physics, Academician Pan is still very sensitive to numerical values.

The ray energy level of 99.8 kilojoules per square meter, theoretically speaking, as long as it is expanded ten times, it is enough to destroy the group of people next door who are not living a good life.

Even at the current level, it is not difficult to destroy a Hokkaido rice.

And such a huge energy only generated more than ten square kilometers of Y particles?

This is obviously not right.

And right now.

A flash of lightning suddenly flashed in Academician Pan's mind.

He suddenly looked towards the cyclone, and an astonishing idea suddenly emerged from his mind:

"Mr. Li, I seem to have thought of a possibility."

"What's possible?"

Academician Pan looked at him and said word by word:

"That's this space, actually.

Empty, room, bag! "

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