bloom america

Lawrence rubbed his temples.**(..)

The Middle East really doesn't stop at all. Mercenaries, secret conspiracy forces, and conflicts between countries, this place can't stop for a few days...

At the same time, Jordan's plan was temporarily frozen before it was even formed: because the Red Army has made trouble again recently.

To be precise, it was the Red Army in the Middle East who started the riot.

In the past few years, the Arab Red Army split and became two parts: the North African Red Army and the Middle East Red Army. The North African Red Army became a mercenary type of existence, while the Middle East Red Army became terrorists and was involved in many attacks.

The country's blacklist, in a sense, is comparable to the Black September that is currently making a lot of noise.

Of course, none of this has anything to do with Lawrence.

Lawrence recently invited Golden Dragon Energy Company to participate in this solar energy business cooperation.

After all, after Catherine acquired a number of new solar energy companies, the reorganized Golden Dragon Energy Company has become the world's largest green energy company.

Solar energy is an important form of energy that living things on earth are exposed to. The energy that the earth obtains from the sun in one hour is more than the energy consumed by the global population in one year. If 1% of the energy obtained in the Sahara Desert can be utilized, it will satisfy the global demand.

The energy consumption is ok.

Photovoltaic power generation technology first originated from the monocrystalline silicon cell first successfully developed by Bell Laboratories in the United States in the 1950s. This guy that relies on the photovoltaic effect to generate electrical energy is much like a rechargeable battery. When the sun shines on the photovoltaic panel, it will cause the material to

The photoelectric effect occurs in the pn junction in the photovoltaic panel. The electrons are rearranged, and the p-pole is positive and the n-pole is negative on the photovoltaic panel. When the sunlight completes charging the battery, connect the pn pole to the user to obtain electric energy.

Subsequently, related industries developed rapidly, just like the biological explosion of the Cambrian period.

But Lawrence misjudged the difficulty of this technology, which has caused him some trouble now.

Although he knew that Miss Edson wanted to develop her own technology, Lawrence also had her own plans - such development was obviously not in Lawrence's interests.

For solar photovoltaic power generation, the solar receiver is a photovoltaic cell. Due to the influence of factors such as the purity of the pn junction in the battery (that is, the distribution of positive and negative electrodes of the rechargeable battery), the general photoelectric conversion efficiency is only 15% to 20%.

At present, after acquiring a series of patented technologies, Katherine is now considered to be integrated. In the laboratory, the specially made gallium arsenide photovoltaic cells can achieve about 35%.

This kind of 35% efficient conversion solar cell is the goal of future development. It is estimated that it can be mass-produced within ten years... Of course, the manufacturing cost and pollution are still very high.

But this technology is better than the current technology.

However, photovoltaic cells generate direct current, which needs to be inverted into alternating current through an inverter before it is transmitted to the grid. This inversion process will also cause a certain amount of energy loss, reducing the conversion efficiency by 5% to 10%.

If you are not a family member, you will not know how expensive firewood and rice are. If you are not in the industry, you will not know how difficult it is.

Because the conversion rate is low, a higher efficiency inverter is also required.

But even so, the current maximum solar photovoltaic power generation efficiency is 30%. According to the current efficiency of ordinary solar cells of 16%, the maximum efficiency is probably only about 12%.

So later, with Lawrence taking the lead, they changed their plans.

When Lawrence learned that his family, Ms. Edson, was planning to develop a hydrogen car, he was immediately attracted to the hydrogen extraction device.

At this time, Lawrence is developing, this is an opportunity!

For solar thermal power generation, it is the collector that receives solar energy. The concentrated sunlight directly irradiates the surface of the collector (that is, the surface of each heat exchange tube), and the working medium in the heat exchange tube flows through it at high speed and absorbs

The energy of solar radiation reaches higher temperatures and pressures, thereby driving the heat engine to operate.

Converting the thermal energy collected by the collector into electrical energy requires an efficient heat engine. The efficiency limit of this heat engine is similar to that of traditional energy heat engines. The difference is that the steam supply of conventional steam turbines is supplied by boilers, and the steam temperature and pressure can reach very high

, which allows the maximum thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the steam turbine to reach about 35%. However, the temperature of solar thermal power generation cannot reach the heat value of boiler combustion, so the efficiency limit after equipped with a conventional steam turbine is far lower than 35%.

However, if this heat is used to decompose hydrogen, maybe it can be done...?

Change the concept!

Yes, Lawrence did such a despicable and shameless thing.

The "Sun Tree" plan sounds wonderful.

But in fact, this matter is just changing the concept.

The original solar power generation technology was suddenly replaced by Lawrence to "use solar energy to decompose hydrogen, and then use hydrogen as energy..."

The unscrupulous Lawrence didn't just do that, he also found the Stirling heat engine. (1_1)

——In Jules Verne's science fiction novel "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea", the famous submarine Nautilus used a Stirling machine as its engine.

This engine was invented by London priest Robert Stirling in 1816, so it was named "Stirling engine". Stirling engines are unique heat engines because their theoretical efficiency is almost equal to the theoretical maximum efficiency.

It is called the Carnot cycle efficiency. The Stirling engine generates power by expanding the gas when heated and compressed when cooled. This is an external combustion engine that continuously burns the fuel, and the evaporated and expanded hydrogen serves as the power gas to move the piston.

The expanded gas is cooled in the cold air chamber, and this cycle process is repeated.

At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, heat engines were generally steam engines, and their efficiency was very low, only about 3% to 5%, that is, more than 95% of the heat energy was not utilized. By 1840, the efficiency of heat engines had only increased to

8%. Stirling for Thermodynamics

Theoretical research is based on the purpose of improving the efficiency of heat engines. The efficiency of the Stirling cycle he proposed can be infinitely improved under ideal conditions. Of course, it is impossible to reach 100% due to practical limitations, but it provides an improvement

The direction of efforts towards thermal efficiency.

In theory, this can be a legendary technology that instantly beats modern engine technology.

It is worth mentioning that even though it occupies the limelight in science fiction novels, in fact there has been little development in the Stirling heat engine in the 160 years since Stirling invented it. This is a bit similar to Edison's development of Tesla.

The ruthless suppression of alternating current. In an era when conventional steam turbines were gradually maturing, the extraordinary Stirling machine was suppressed by existing technology.

Suppressed technology was brought out. If people took it seriously, Lawrence would most likely become the target of public criticism.

But...Lawrence has no choice.

Yes, because I inadvertently boasted too much, Lawrence is now very popular in countries in the Middle East. Some people even call him the "Lawrence of Arabia of the new generation."

Lawrence was too embarrassed to take this title...

Given the high expectations, if it fails, Lawrence will face huge problems.

At this time, Lawrence stuffed in a series of useful technologies that he had obtained from Catherine, the school district, and everyone's brainstorming.

Lawrence didn't think so at the time. In fact, his original purpose was just to give advice to the people in the UAE and to act as a financial consultant.

But now, they have become technical consultants!

——Lawrence is out of control.

The answer is that simple.

Although Miss Edson seemed satisfied with the result, only Lawrence, who was in the middle of the situation, knew how difficult the current situation was.

The UAE needs to install a cloud system, use the Internet, and use mobile phones.

In addition, green energy, the application of desert technology, and seawater desalination technology are among the key points.

"Why are people in the UAE so interested in solar energy?! They are an oil-producing country!"

This is the thing that Lawrence complained about most in recent meetings.

But Lawrence seems to have forgotten that it was they who deceived the UAE into believing in the words of the cb team that it must have "long-term goals." So they took a fancy to new green energy...

Well, from today's perspective, this is solar energy.

In fact, Lawrence should be lucky because this is the Middle East and not Northern Europe. Otherwise, there would be no room for development of this solar technology - there is not enough sunlight!

As far as photovoltaic power generation is concerned, strong sunlight can make the photoelectric effect more obvious and improve the photoelectric conversion rate; and for solar thermal power generation, the intensity of sunlight is also directly related to the temperature of the collector. The temperature of the collector

The higher the value, the higher the saturation of the steam working fluid produced, and more steam can participate in driving the turbine to do work, and the efficiency is naturally improved.

The environment in the Middle East is obviously ten thousand times better than that in Northern Europe.

To this end, Lawrence even asked Golden Dragon Energy to come up with technology that was still in the process of experimentation.

In order to improve the utilization rate of solar energy and reduce the size of the solar power generation device, on the one hand, the solar reflector must be able to track the movement of the sun and capture a large beam of sunlight at all times and concentrate it. For this reason, the technology of "heliostat"

It was taken out. It can automatically track the movement of the sun and adjust the direction of the reflector, making it easier to

Photoelectric or photothermal conversion equipment with a single volume can capture as much solar energy as possible. On the other hand, in order to enhance the concentration effect of sunlight, the "concentration ratio" of the reflector must also be increased. A high concentration ratio with heliostat function

The cost of the reflector is very high, so that the cost of the heliostat still accounts for more than 40% of the construction cost of a solar power station.

“High efficiency and power generation costs are contradictions that need to be reconciled in solar power generation.”

——by Catherine Edson.

When Catherine once met Lawrence, she had whispered about solar energy, but it was only after returning to the Middle East from the United States that Lawrence really had a headache.

Fortunately, the countries in the Middle East have nothing but money, so with the support of these funds, Golden Dragon Energy was able to take out the technologies that were already under development and start practicing and squandering them.

The Stirling heat engine is second. Although this technology has been applied, it is actually not enough.

The most important thing now is to obtain hydrogen energy through catalysts.

Now look at it. If you convert hydrogen energy and then use hydrogen energy as fuel, the fuel efficiency will be higher - even higher than direct power generation.

Based on this goal, the most important thing for Lawrence now is to develop this technology.

Of course, the most promising one is hybrid power generation.

Because solar power generation is a very unstable existence.

But if heat and light can be used to interact with each other, the effect may be much better.

In normal times, solar energy is used to generate electricity, and excess energy can be stored in the chemical energy of hydrogen. When power generation becomes unstable, hydrogen is consumed and heat is generated to generate electricity. At night and on cloudy days, such a power plant

, you can still use it safely.

Although Lawrence played it off, he was unambiguous when it came time to use it.

"Sun Tree" uses this kind of concept.

"Mr. Lawrence, there is a Mr. Holker looking for you. This is his business card."

"No reservation?"

Lawrence took the business card casually, but then, Lawrence was shocked.

"Invite him in!"

Holker came here quickly.

"Mr. Holker, you are finally here!"

When Lawrence saw the other party coming, he greeted him enthusiastically.

"Although the car is still in the preparation process, I would also like to see our new technology..."

Holker also laughed.

People are forced out.

So does Lawrence.

When Miss Edson told Lawrence that an electric car factory would be built that would use fuel cells and batteries, and the customer was the Middle East, Lawrence found the fuel cell.

A fuel cell is a chemical battery that uses the energy released when a substance undergoes a chemical reaction and directly converts it into electrical energy. From this point of view, it is similar to other chemical batteries such as manganese dry batteries, lead-acid batteries, etc. However,

When it works, it needs to continuously supply reacting substances-fuel and oxidant, which is different from other ordinary chemical batteries. Because it converts the energy released by the fuel through chemical reactions into electrical energy output, it is called a fuel

Battery.

Specifically, a fuel cell is a "generator" that utilizes the reverse reaction of water electrolysis. It consists of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte plate sandwiched between the positive and negative electrodes. Initially, the electrolyte plate was formed by infiltrating the electrolyte into a porous plate.

.Now it is developing to directly use solid electrolytes.

During operation, fuel (hydrogen) is supplied to the negative electrode, and oxidant (air, the active ingredient is oxygen) is supplied to the positive electrode. Hydrogen is decomposed into positive ions h+ and electrons e at the negative electrode. The hydrogen ions enter the electrolyte, and the electrons move along the external circuit.

Toward the positive electrode, the electrical load is connected to the external circuit. On the positive electrode, the oxygen in the air and the hydrogen ions in the electrolyte absorb the electrons arriving at the positive electrode to form water. This is the reverse process of the electrolysis reaction of water.

Using this principle. Fuel batteries can be continuously transmitted to the outside at work, so it can also be called a "generator".

The engine, generator. In a sense, it is a kind of thing, but the size and the purpose are not the same.

Previously, the catalyst was broken down, and after that, it could be practiced directly through the fuel cell, and the effect was very good.

Traditional electrolytic reactions, or high voltage, or reaction catalysts are extremely expensive, such as platinum and 钌, and the response requires specific temperature and gas pressure.

Unlike Lawrence's tension, Holk's side has no psychological burden.

The technology of alcohol hydrogen is finally a breakthrough, which is one of the reasons why Holk's mood is happy.

The residual thermal hydrogen engine device only requires a small cracks between the methanol box and the gasoline tank, and uses the tail gas emitted by the car engine to generate a large amount of hydrogen and the gasoline mixed with the gasoline to achieve the purpose of lighter oil.

Although it is different from Catherine's original intention, the efficiency of the car can still increase by 10%to 30%, which also meets Catherine's expectations.

Lawrence also checked this technology, but unfortunately, this thing is just right for the car, but it is difficult to use it for the current solar engine of his own.

The school district has cheaper technology of electrolytic water -placed the electrodes made of oxides of the tin in cobalt ion and potassium phosphate, and then the current of solar cells in the solution. This is relatively cheap.

Catalyst. You can achieve hydrolysis reactions under mild conditions. Maternal hydrogen.

A 5 -meter -wide and 6 -meter -long photovoltaic array used to apply this technology can decompose enough water within 4 hours to generate more than 30 degrees of electricity.

Although it is relatively cheap, it is still a technology in the experiment. Although Lawrence, who has red eyes, has scheduled this technology early and spent a lot of money, but scientific research is not a family. Maybe the problem below is trapped.

This technology is over.

Of course, if it can be achieved, this advantage is obvious -this technology can use sewage and seawater. That is to say, this technology can also be used to solve the problem of sewage treatment.

For this reason, Lawrence also formulated a series of plans:

First of all, use photovoltaic breakdown of power generation. If the future efficiency of the Stelin heat machine can be achieved and exceeds the electrolytic water according to the experts of the school district, and then use the hydrogen to generate electricity, then use the Stelin heat machine to generate electricity -after all, it is solved, and it is solving.

After technical problems, the transformation in one step, the loss is still smaller.

Then, of course, electrolytic water is needed, because there are nights. In the evening, the hydrogen and oxygen that are electrolyte is used in the fuel cell for power generation.

Finally, they can be extracted through the water battery in the fuel cell, which is freshwater.

A department. It directly solves the energy and freshwater problems in the desert. The plan is absolutely perfect.

"My car factory can be established at any time, but I hope my business can be carried out immediately. Otherwise, I will face a lot of losses, but I can't wait for too long.

It is subordinates and employees, but I don’t guarantee that when I say a word, they can still follow me. "

Holman came this time to give Lawrence an ultimatum.

——Of course. The threat is greater, because at worst, Holman will produce alcohol-hydrogen cars. Although such alcohol-hydrogen cars do not meet Catherine's requirements, they can still be called environmentally friendly, right?

Saving at least 30% of fuel is very important for ordinary people. By then they will not be able to develop in the Middle East, but they can still use it in the United States.

But speaking of it, the most economical method is Catherine's method, but unfortunately, a similar catalyst does not seem to be discovered as Catherine imagined...

Although sometimes Catherine's ideas are good, not every technology can be discovered years in advance.

In this case, chance factors account for a very large part.

Because of Catherine's involvement, it is possible that a catalyst discovered by chance could never be discovered for a lifetime.

"Maybe I should invite people from Jinlong Energy Company here..."

Lawrence smiled bitterly.

He thought that Holker was here to share joys and sorrows with him...

"I have already contacted them, and they told me that they are preparing to develop an artificial leaf that uses artificial methods to convert photosynthesis to obtain energy - but they said that the results will have to wait until next year at the earliest.

Only then."

The technology to create artificial leaves by imitating the photosynthesis of green plants, which converts water and sunlight into energy, has been studied as early as the late 1960s.

In the early days, the product even existed.

But that does use expensive platinum metal, and the reaction can only last less than 24 hours, so it has no commercial value at all.

But now Jinlong Energy is cooperating with Hive Labs, and they are studying a way to use biological enzymes for catalysis.

However, this plan involves S protein and repair proteins.

Repair proteins cannot act on plant cells, this was previously studied.

But later, some studies found that when the cell wall was removed, plant cells could also be affected by this effect. This was shocking, so related research began immediately.

If everything goes well, it is not impossible to use artificial means to obtain oxygen and hydrogen from plants.

Of course, it is not impossible to apply it. The relevant research already has the technology: first extract the glucose solution from the plant tissue, pressurize it and heat it to 200 degrees Celsius, and use platinum as a catalyst. A large number of tiny platinum particles are distributed in

There are many microporous aluminum chloride materials, which can decompose glucose into hydrogen, carbon dioxide and a small amount of methane.

"If possible, I really want to make technology leap forward 20 years immediately..."

Lawrence covered his face.

But no matter what, the established plan cannot be abandoned like this.

It is not impossible to extract hydrogen through plants.

Anyway, the catalyst itself will not be used, but the initial investment is just higher.

If push comes to shove, Lawrence is ready to take this technology to the United Arab Emirates.

——Well, but Catherine doesn't care too much about this. At least for Catherine, this time there is finally someone who digs more holes than herself.

And this guy also fell into his own pit...

…

6k words chapter, two in one...

Well, there is another more! (Unhappy to continue ...)

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