bloom america

Chapter 797 The production of a processor

Although the new processor is very good, Catherine does not intend to use it to replace CISC technology.

Historically, the development history of Intel processors is the history of struggle between engineers and fighting forward. In the 20th century, Intel defeated all RICS manufacturers, including DEC, SUN, Motorola and IBM, unified with virtue of this weapon.

PC and server field. This is the advantage and value of CISC.

The CISC instruction set can achieve a lot of things that cannot be done in the RISC instruction set.

And this can be regarded as Catherine's self -retained land.

Catherine has already authorized some of the patents of some RISC instruction sets. For example, now IBM, there is technology in this area.

GA's new architecture is suitable for RISC, but if it is used in Catherine CISC, it will lead to various problems. Some functions of RISC at the level of personal computers cannot be competent.

Of course, when developing to the future, CISC must also change.

But that's not now.

"There is probably no problem in the process ..."

Catherine counts.

The design is probably not a problem, but the problem lies in the crafts.

Now Catherine's craftsmanship uses 1 micron process, that is, 1,000 nanometer technology.

What kind of concept is this technology?

For example, add Catherine to make the Core-I7 series with the current technology, such a Core-I7 core will probably be as large as A4 paper-Relatively speaking, the core-i7 core of 45nm is only the size of the nails.

And such a Core-I7 even at 100MHz, its power consumption will exceed 1,000 cores, and only a few watts of ATOM core power consumption will exceed 65W, and the core size will reach about 10*3 cm

about.

But at first glance, now it seems to have the CPU of the 21st century.

However, although the craftsmanship is enough, it is actually much worse in technology. Such technology is impossible to use at all. And the current bottleneck is not a CPU, but memory and hard disk.

"But if we design a processor according to the higher level system, it should be better ..."

Catherine thought like this.

At present, even the core of ATOM is placed in the present, it is the existence of killing everything. Not to mention that it is not a problem to realize the current technology.

Of course, just theoretically, if the memory is not powerful, the CPU is cow X, and the system is also a residue.

Now Catherine is facing such a dilemma.

"Elsa, what is the latest memory that can be used in the market now?"

"I check."

Elsa said, and gave things to Pu Guanshui, and asked the other party to inquire about it.

With a leg running, work is much easier.

Pu Guanshui is now like the second -level cache of the CPU, which has improved the efficiency of the system ...

The news was passed on the opposite side. IBM is now studying new memory of a single 8MB capacity, because they have heard that Capricorn will support up to 32MB capacity.

"8MB ..."

In the 21st century, who computer was this memory, that family's computer must have a history of more than ten years.

But for now, this is definitely the most advanced existence.

"Unfortunately, we have no memory technology, otherwise we will directly get a 2GB of memory, and there will be no pressure in the next ten years ..."

Catherine now wants to get roots with infinitely ...

"How to use so much memory?"

At this time, Elsa obviously never had that rich imagination.

"This is simple." Catherine naturally said: "We develop a gorgeous system, even if it is 100GB, as long as we find a way, we can feed ..."

Why is there a feeling that this sentence is easy to be spit?

"But this is good, it seems that my computer can soon be able to use Daear ..."

Catherine smiled and thought about using the memory of 32MB ... Well, although the gap between the best computer she used is 1000 times ...

"Give finding a way to improve the craftsmanship. I hope that when Capricorn starts mass production, we can use 745nm products ..."

That is the next generation of craft products. If you can use this product, it is obviously better.

"I think the most important thing now is to promote the laptop computer ..."

Elsa put forward his own views.

"If our CPU is high -end, other manufacturers will think of ways to cooperate with our chip. I think this method is actually very good ..."

Catherine speculate like this.

"Well, don't want to, there is no time for this matter ..." Catherine shook his head. The problem that was born is purely a matter of time. As long as there is sufficient time, all plans will not be a problem.

"Keep watch ..."

Catherine decided to set a new development route for the company at this time.

With the various unreliables of the Pentagon, Catherine feels that her future and plans need to be transformed ...

The sufficient time is sufficient to solve various problems.

For example, the problem of the processor that Catherine has been thinking about.

As long as you have time to improve the process, it is very simple.

Speaking of producing chips, there are no 5 or six billion inputs that cannot be taken out. If it is changed to the 21st century, this is also two or three billion.

Production.

The initial integrated chip is very simple, even simple is similar to toys.

But the chip that really wants to be used by the CPU is not a "toy".

Catherine is most worried now is the GA chip. It is easy to say, and it seems that it is not very difficult to design, but in the process of production, can it guarantee the sufficient yield?

This is a problem.

After all, the new products have not been destructive after all.

Speaking of which, Catherine's Intel's craftsmanship, if you want to produce products such as GA core, are slightly more difficult than Capricorn.

Intel produces is not just to produce a chip one by one, but the later method that Catherine uses it directly, that is, the wafer produces the wafers, and then start processing the product step by step.

In order to meet the requirements of high-performance processors, the entire silicon raw material must be highly pure.

Generally speaking, after purification, it is a cylindrical silicon ingot.

In the 21st century, Intel's usage quota is about 300 mm of silicon ingots.

After making the silicon ingot and ensuring that it is an absolute cylinder, the next step is to slice the cylindrical silicon ingot. The thinner the slice, the less material is used, and naturally more processor chips can be produced. Slicing is also

Mirror finishing is required to ensure that the surface is absolutely smooth, and then checked for distortion or other problems. The quality inspection at this step is particularly important, as it directly determines the quality of the finished chip.

But these are not the most important, they can only be said to be the preparation process.

After that, some substances are mixed into the new slice to make it a real semiconductor material, and then transistor circuits representing various logical functions are carved on it. The atoms of the added material enter the gaps between the silicon atoms and interact with each other.

The interaction of atomic forces occurs between them, giving the silicon raw material the characteristics of a semiconductor.

After the work of incorporating chemicals is completed, the standard slicing is completed. Each slice is then placed in a high-temperature furnace and heated, and a layer of silica film is formed on the surface of the slice by controlling the heating time.

These steps are an infinitely long process and cannot be accomplished simply.

Catherine's current CPU product orders must go through three months of reservations before they can be booked. This is the reason - and this does not mean that the products can be launched now.

The final step in the preparation is to cover the silicon dioxide layer with a photosensitive layer. This layer of material is used for other control applications in the same layer. This layer of material has a good photosensitive effect when dry, and it is easy to resist photolithography.

After the process is complete, it can be dissolved and removed chemically.

This is a very complicated step in the current chip manufacturing process. Why do you say this? The photolithography process uses light of a certain wavelength to carve corresponding notches in the photosensitive layer, thereby changing the chemical properties of the material there.

.This technology has extremely strict requirements on the wavelength of light used, requiring the use of short-wavelength ultraviolet rays and lenses with large curvatures. The etching process is also affected by stains on the wafer. Each etching step is a complex and delicate process.

Process. Design what is needed for each step of the process.

The required amount of data can be measured in units of 10gb, and the etching steps required to manufacture each processor are more than 20 (each step is a layer of etching). And if the drawings of each layer of etching are enlarged much

If times, it can be compared with the map of the entire New York City plus the suburbs, and is even more complicated. Just imagine, if the entire New York map is reduced to a chip with an actual area of ​​only 100 square millimeters, then how complicated the structure of this chip is

, you can imagine it.

After this process is completed, the semi-finished product can probably be called a wafer.

But this is not over yet. There are still many steps and processes involved, and in the next few weeks, the wafer will need to be tested one after another, including testing the electrical characteristics of the wafer.

Is there a logic error? If so, in which layer it occurs, etc. Then, each problematic chip unit on the wafer will be tested individually to determine whether the chip requires special processing.

Then, the entire wafer is cut into individual processor chip units. In the initial test, those units that fail the test will be abandoned. These cut chip units will be packaged in some way.

, so that it can be smoothly inserted into a motherboard with a certain interface specification.

After the finished processor is completed, a comprehensive chip function test must be carried out. This part will produce products of different levels. Some chips have relatively high operating frequencies, so the names and numbers of high-frequency products are marked, while those with relatively high operating frequencies

The lower chips are modified and labeled with other low-frequency models. These are processors with different market positioning. At least this is how Catherine's sfc and fc and some other chips come from.

And some processors may have some shortcomings in chip functions. For example, if they have defects in cache function (this defect is enough to cause the vast majority of chips to crash), then they will be blocked from some cache capacity.

Reducing the performance will of course also reduce the selling price of the product. This is partly the origin of the Celeron in history.

Catherine's craftsmanship is not very good and cannot be controlled at the nanometer level, but this also means that the yield rate of her products is higher - the more delicate the products, the more likely they are to have problems.

But if the structure is suddenly replaced with a new structure, Catherine cannot guarantee the final yield rate.

"Hey...if only I could remember the architecture of i7, then things would be much simpler..."

Catherine's thoughts are beautiful, but the reality is cruel.

Speaking of which, i7 seems to have no practical significance now.

But... if you use i7 to fool the Pentagon, it should be... no problem, right?

…

The second update is here~

By the way, the inner screen of my mobile phone cracked yesterday, and the warranty center actually did not guarantee it. I have asked them to send it to ZTE for inspection and appraisal. If it doesn't work, I will find a third party. The phone was placed on the table, and the screen cracked after one night.

It can't be man-made. This time I will fight ZTE to the end.

…

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