Great Country Academician

At a time when the world of physics is saddened by the passing of a great scholar.

On the other side, Jinling.

In the villas at the foot of Purple Mountain, Xu Chuan was shutting himself in his study, concentrating on studying the mathematical unity of the three forces of strong and weak electricity.

In the manuscript that Professor Higgs sent him, there were some ideas and directions that he had never seen before and had never thought of.

If you follow these points, you won't necessarily be able to unify the strong electricity, but if you continue on this road for a certain distance, there shouldn't be too many problems.

So far, humans have recognized four basic interacting forces in nature.

They are gravity, electromagnetic force, weak force and strong force.

The four forces vary greatly in their intensity and range of action.

If the magnitude of the force is represented by a coupling constant with one dimension, the coupling constant of the strong force is 100 times that of the electromagnetic force, 10 times that of the weak force, and even reaches an astronomical 10 times compared with gravity.

Gravity and electromagnetic force are both long-range forces, while weak force and strong force are short-range forces, acting within a distance of 10m and 10m respectively.

Although the properties of these four forces are very different, they are all physically described by field theory, and their unification is naturally also a unification in the description method of field theory.

In quantum field theory, like electromagnetic interactions, the strong force that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus and the weak force that causes the beta decay process in nucleons are gauge interactions, and they satisfy their respective gauge symmetries.

In mathematics, the four major forces are all described by gauge groups. Gauge symmetries therefore play an important role in attempts to find a quantum theory and unifying forces for the various interactions in nature.

After entering the 21st century, the electroweak unified theory and quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which describes the strong interaction, together constitute the standard model of particle physics.

From a particle physics perspective, the Standard Model can be said to be the most successful theory in the history of physics.

However, in contrast, the standard model also has many shortcomings.

The biggest flaw is naturally pointed out by Weinberg, one of its founders: "The Standard Model cannot unify gravity, and its description of gravity has insurmountable mathematical obstacles."

However, for today's physics community, this point can actually be put aside for the time being.

Quite simply, because what is the nature of gravity is a question that has not been clarified for hundreds of years. So far, the physics community has not been able to give an accurate answer to the nature of gravity.

At present, the mainstream explanation point in the physics community was put forward by Einstein: the essence of gravity is the curvature of space and time.

In addition, there are also views such as the universal gravitation proposed by Newton and the gravity in quantum mechanics caused by the exchange of gravitons between two particles.

But there is still no accurate answer to what the nature of gravity is.

Therefore, before the essence of gravity is specified, it is impossible to unify it into the standard model, or to build a new model to unify gravity.

And if we put aside gravity, which is an obstacle that is difficult to solve mathematically, and is the biggest flaw in the Standard Model, then it is naturally the turn of the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the electromagnetic force to unify.

In this regard, the Standard Model has given physical answers.

The electroweak unified theory and quantum chromodynamics are merged into one in the standard model, and fermions and bosons are paired through gauge field theory to describe the force between fermions.

Simply put, the gauge transformation of gauge bosons can be accurately described by a unitary group called the "gauge group".

The gauge group of the strong interaction is SU(3), and the gauge group of the electroweak interaction is SU(2)×U(1). Therefore, the standard model is also called SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1).

But unfortunately, even if quantum theory unifies the strong nuclear force and the electroweak theory, how to complete this work mathematically is still an elusive idea.

As a physicist, Xu Chuan has never stopped researching the unification of the strong nuclear force and electroweak theory in his entire life.

And even so, even though he has already stood at the pinnacle of the physics world, he still doesn't have many ideas about unifying the two.

Although the mathematics he studied in this life once brought him many honors and solved many problems, such as Hodge's conjecture and NS equations and other millennium problems, he seemed to have no hope of breaking through his previous boundaries in the frontier of physics. Didn't feel like much help.

This made him feel that mathematics was not very useful in this aspect when he was studying the unification of the three forces in the past two years. He had some doubts that top mathematics could help him find a real path before the experiment.

This idea has been filling his mind in the past two years, and it is one of the reasons why he has not re-entered the field of mathematics after completing the Yang-Mills existence and mass gap problems.

If he said this, he might be criticized to death, and more people might think he was showing off.

After all, after the Yang-Mills existence and mass gap problems, he solved the weak Riemann hypothesis, the top problem in analytic number theory.

But the real situation is indeed the same as what he had in mind. The research on the weak Riemann hypothesis was actually an unexpected inspiration during the study of Einstein's Rosen Bridge.

The reason why he wanted to study Einstein's Rosen Bridge was not only because the concept of space holes was attractive, but also because he wanted to prove that his original choice was correct.

Mathematics has a ground-breaking help in the research of top physics.

Now, he may have the answer!

In the study, Xu Chuan stared at the manuscript paper in front of him and muttered softly unconsciously.

"As we all know, in quantum field theory, the strength of a force depends on the mass and coupling constant of the medium particle of the force. The mass comes from the spontaneous breaking of symmetry; the coupling constant is a number that appears in the basic equations of the theory, describing the medium The intensity with which particles are emitted and absorbed in a reaction."

"From the perspective of the energy level at which electroweak symmetry is broken, supersymmetry provides a framework that can describe fermions and bosons. It adds another four-dimensional superspace to the usual four-dimensional space-time to accommodate the strange behavior of fermions. Geometric properties.”

"So when the strong nuclear force breaks down, the key lies in the free asymptotic progression of quarks."

"."

The knowledge in his memory that was impossible for him to forget gathered into small streams at this moment, gathering along the physical high ground towards the final pass, gathering bit by bit under the city wall, rushing towards the city wall. A holy place to rock this building of physics.

Just when Xu Chuan was in retreat studying the unification of the strong nuclear force and the electroweak theory, a call came to his mobile phone on the third day.

Although when researching a certain problem, his mobile phone will be adjusted to working mode, thereby blocking most people's calls.

However, considering some emergencies, some relatives and friends are still placed on the white list.

For these relatives and friends, as long as they make two consecutive calls, the incoming call will pass the work mode review and enter their sight.

Picking up the mobile phone placed at the corner of the desk, Xu Chuan glanced at the caller ID. The call was from Edward Witten.

"Hey, mentor, what's the matter?"

Turning his eyes back to the manuscript paper on the desk, he asked casually.

"The time for Professor Higgs' condolence meeting has been set. It will be three days later. The University of Edinburgh cannot contact you. I would like to ask through my help if you will go there?"

On the phone, Edward Witten's voice came from the other side of the world.

For the physics community, Professor Higgs can be said to be one of the most influential scholars in contemporary theoretical physics and particle physics. His death is a major loss to the academic community and the world.

In view of the influence of Professor Higgs, his alma mater, the University of Edinburgh, decided to hold a mourning meeting at the University of Edinburgh after consulting his immediate family.

Among the invited scholars, Xu Chuan, who is the youngest Nobel Prize winner, was naturally among them. However, by the time the administrator of the University of Edinburgh confirmed it, he had already entered research mode and his mobile phone had been adjusted to work mode, so naturally he could not receive the call from the other party. contact.

Therefore, the University of Edinburgh contacted Xu Chuan's former mentor, Edward Witten of Princeton, hoping that he could help convey the news and inquire whether he would come to attend the condolence meeting.

Hearing Witten's inquiry, Xu Chuan fell silent.

Honestly, he should go to this mourning party.

Although Professor Higgs is not his nominal mentor, he can be considered a real mentor because he imparted knowledge to him in the fields of particle physics and high-energy physics in his previous life.

And in this life, when the two of them had never met each other, they chose to leave their thoughts on the unified theory of strong electricity, dark matter, gravity, and Einstein's Rosen Bridge (space void) to him. .

This is a valuable asset that cannot be measured in terms of money, and it is very likely that it has never been published to the outside world.

If Professor Higgs leaves it to future generations or other scholars, it is entirely possible to create a scholar with a great reputation based on this.

But he still gave it to himself all the way.

This kind of kindness can no longer be repaid in person.

And he should go to Professor Higgs's memorial service.

However.

Thinking about the nonsense in his mind, Xu Chuan sighed softly, and after a moment of silence, he said with difficulty: "I'm sorry, mentor, I'm afraid it will be difficult for me to get out."

"I can only arrange for one person who can represent me to attend the condolence meeting. I am really sorry."

Edward Witten nodded and said, "Well, I can understand."

Although academia is far away from those dirty things, it does not mean that Witten does not understand these things.

Sometimes, being too talented is an unfortunate thing.

Fortunately, he was born in a country that was able to protect him. Otherwise, with his achievements today, he would either immigrate and become a talent from other countries, or

With a slight sigh, Witten didn't think much, and changed the subject smoothly and asked: "By the way, how is the construction status of CRHPC?"

Staring at the manuscript paper in front of him, Xu Chuan replied without hesitation: "The finishing work is already in progress. It is estimated that it will be completed around September in the second half of this year and the testing work will officially start."

Hearing this, Witten showed a surprised expression on his face and said in surprise: "If I remember correctly, your CRHPC construction work only officially started the year before last, right? It has only been more than two years and it is almost completed. Understand?"

Feeling the surprise in Witten's words, Xu Chuan smiled and said proudly: "China is a powerful country, and it is also the country with the rarest mobilization ability. It took more than two years to complete the construction of the CRHPC collider. It’s not something that’s impossible to do.”

“But it’s so incredible!”

Witten sighed with emotion, and then said: "I thought you would be far behind CERN's progress, but I didn't expect that now it seems that you are only three months behind at most."

Hearing Wei Teng's emotion, Xu Chuan raised his eyebrows, a little surprised.

"Mentor, are you sure the LHC upgrade can be completed in June?"

Since the stalemate with CERN, with the support of the United States, the European Atomic Energy Center has launched a competition with China in the fields of particle physics and high-energy physics.

The LHC upgrade work started earlier than China, trying to preemptively launch the detection of sterile neutrinos and dark matter around the upgraded high-brightness LH-LHC.

But given the personalities of Europeans and Americans, it is still very difficult to complete the LHC upgrade in a short period of time.

After all, the last upgrade of the LHC took more than two years, and this was still when the superconducting pipeline and some detectors were not moved.

As for this upgrade, it’s hard to say how long it will take when the superconducting pipeline, accelerator complex, detectors and even supercomputers all need to be upgraded.

After all, as the economy of the United States further declines, given its situation, it may cut off the supply of LHC upgrades at any time, and instead leave this mess to Europe.

But now it seems that China has forced it in the fields of controllable nuclear fusion and aerospace. Bald Eagle has gritted its teeth and persisted in upgrading the LHC, and the progress is quite optimistic.

Witten nodded and said: "Well, judging from CERN's last press conference, they expect to complete the LHC upgrade before June, and will start further exploration of sterile neutrinos and dark matter. "

Xu Chuan smiled and said, "Congratulations to them."

Witten asked curiously: "Aren't you worried that CERN will take the lead in confirming sterile neutrinos and dark matter?"

For the physics community, 12 years after the detection of the God particle, the Higgs particle, the last important piece of the standard model puzzle has been completed.

And all the subsequent exploration work of LHC is just tinkering with this building.

It was not until 2017 that he, a student, detected traces of sterile neutrinos and warm dark matter, and physics opened up a new direction.

This is a particle that goes beyond the standard model and is of great significance to the world of physics and even the world.

Whoever can be the first to confirm the remaining morphological data of sterile neutrinos, and whoever can be the first to find data on the existence of dark matter, will take the lead in future development.

If this were not the case, the United States and Europe would not bite the bullet and follow China's footsteps and invest heavily in strong particle collider.

After all, this is a brand new field. If we fall behind, it will mean that future high-energy physics and particle physics, and even half of theoretical physics, will be surrendered.

PY trading is a new book from the master.

Title of the book "The Witcher: Beginning with the Lord's Marriage"

Introduction: After traveling to the wizarding world for eighteen years, David never imagined that even with the support of a large number of resources, he was still a waste and could not activate the Frostwolf bloodline in his body.

Just when he was getting married and planning to have children, the system suddenly awakened. He only needed to keep communicating with his wife to become stronger.

Only at this moment did David realize that he had not found the correct way to practice.

PS: Don’t be strict, farm in a royal way and fight for hegemony, there are benefits