Harry Potter’s Morning Light

  Chapter 1199 Dead nevertelltale (middle)

  When human wisdom is not in time, the divine judgment has been adopted in one way or another.

People think that the gods will interfere in the trial. For example, the heretical trial house during the witch hunting movement used the divine judgment method when trying "witches" and "witches." If the defendant floats in the water, he is a witch, and he cannot float. When she drowned, God proved her innocence.

  When the barbarians established a foothold on the ruins of the Roman Empire and accepted Christian doctrine, they accepted the divine system, and the predecessor of France, the Frankish Kingdom, was no exception.

In the dark Middle Ages, if a peasant disagrees with the outcome of the court’s trial, he can challenge the nobles, but the premise is that the knight can wear a full set of armor to ride a horse and hold a sharp blade in the duel, while the peasant only has a small buckler and A stick. Such a huge power gap will of course deter some weak farmers, such as farmers who want to overthrow the ruling through the duel gods. However, with the emergence of professional duelists, a woman can also appoint an equally armed knight to fight on her behalf. Up.

Dueling litigation is a special method of European divine judgment. The benefits it brings have made it respected in the early feudal society. However, with the development of society, countries have gradually developed the use of witnesses, testimony, evidence and other "iron evidence" to judge the parties. The guilty judgment method is theoretically superior to the completely random divine judgment method.

The church initially opposed duel litigation from the perspective of theology. However, the early duels were presided over by clergy. The participation of clergy meant that the result of the duel could reflect the will of God, because God would not allow the innocent to be defeated in the duel, so the church The opposition to the duel lawsuit is not firm.

  In the face of honor and life, exquisite rules often disappear invisible. Even if you don’t have to go to the battlefield, martial arts and dueling skills can sometimes save yourself from being killed in judicial duels. The style of martial arts among the nobles in the Middle Ages is very popular.

But in this way, it is very unfair to civilians who are usually busy with their livelihoods, unable to exercise their martial arts, and cannot afford to invite duel fighters. Not all the guilty people who die in duel litigation are all guilty, and innocent people will also die in the duel. . If you say to a modern person that "dark medieval duel litigation is an advancement in judicial history," he will definitely sneer.

  Judges can be bribed, witnesses can give false testimony, plus a good attorney, even if the whole world knows that the defendant is guilty, he can still use judicial loopholes to escape legal sanctions.

  Perhaps by this time the plaintiff can miss the duel litigation that can overturn all verdicts. This was impossible in the 21st century, but it could be discussed in France in the 18th century.

  Since Henry III, the Jesuits have served as court confessors. Repentance is part of the Catholic faith. Protestants have not warned the pavilion. Kings and court members would not go to public places like Notre Dame de Paris when they confessed. The content of their "confessions" contained many secrets, which could not be known by others. In the story of Red and Black, Julian's secret was forced to write by a priest who had listened to Mrs. Rena's confession.

The influence of the Jesuits in the French court has always been great, and gradually formed a "piety party". These court confessors can influence the queen, prince, princess, and certain ministers. The verdict of a case is judged by God. The final result may be completely different from the human judgment. A man convicted of a guilty conviction by a secular court was sentenced to victory in a duel before God, and was finally convicted of not guilty. The authority of the judgment result comes from the authority of the **** and the pope.

  Since the Seven Years' War, whispers have been circulating in the bottom of France that this country is ruled by a group of incompetent people.

  If the defeat of France in the Spanish Throne War was due to the encounter with the **** of war, Prince Eugen, then what was the reason for the defeat in the Seven Years War? At that time, people generally believed that the French system was flawed. Even King Louis XV wanted to carry out a reform. The goal of this reform was the Paris High Court and judges from other provinces.

  One is because of the huge military expenditure caused by the war, and the other is because of the huge expenditure of the royal family. Even after the end of the Seven Years' War, France still did not abolish the extra taxes during the war.

Third, because of the continuous drought and various natural disasters in France, the grain production has been reduced, and the price of grain is extremely high. The judge of the Supreme Court asked the king to alleviate the livelihood problems of the poor people, reduce excessively heavy military service and taxes, and punish those who drive up prices. Merchants stabilized the price of bread, but the king severely criticized these judges.

  Leave aside the expenses of the king, his mistresses, and relatives for the time being. Just repaying the arrears of military expenses cannot reduce taxes. If France did not lose in the Spanish Throne War, and northern Italy and the Alps were still under French rule, then it might be better to lose territory, and the timber, minerals and other resources on these lands would not belong to France. The Seven Years' War reduced the number of French overseas colonies, and the fiscal deficit became increasingly serious.

  Of course people will die in war. If you don’t want to participate in war, you will pay more taxes. This money is called the head tax exempt from military service. The judges of the High Court belong to the category of exemption. Among the additional taxes during the war, the head tax for exemption from military service doubled, and these judges were also taxpayers. The judges objected to the king's taxation so heavy, and they have their own interests, not just saying that "everything is for the people".

  The power contradiction between the administration and the judiciary constituted a crisis of the national system. The king’s decree and financial reform were hindered by the judge. The judge is an unthankful character. The king thinks that they should serve his rule. The common people think that the judge should uphold fairness and justice and express public appeals to the king.

The judges are biased towards the Jesuit Pietist Party and the Ransen faction. This faction is mortal enemy to the Jesuits who defend the supremacy of the Pope. They have similarities with the judges of the Supreme Court of Paris, and they all try to limit authority. Power, but not a rebel who completely deviates from the orthodoxy. The Paris High Court did not want to really destroy the monarchy, nor did the Ransomites really want to split the church.

A man’s political game itself is very subtle. It is like a clock with a complicated structure that requires careful analysis, observation, and listening, but at this time Madame Pompadour is dead, and Louis XV’s first mistress became Dubali lady.

The politics of Louis XV's mistress has always been criticized. When Madame Pompadour was favored, the Duke Choiseul who supported her became the king's important minister; the first mistress was replaced, and the position of the important minister changed. Justice Maupe wants to reorganize the High Court, which requires the support of the king, but Louis XV will not support him in vain. To please Madame Dubali has become Maupe's solution.

  Ms. Dubari came from a humble background, received a little education in the monastery, and she doesn’t know how much she knows about the distress of the power circle of the upper class.

The Pietist Party was very contemptuous of Madame Pompadour, but accepted Madame Dubari, who was born as an illegitimate daughter. With these clergy entrenched in the court, Madame Dubari wanted to stay in the palace. It's all difficult, just as she was taken by Earl Dubali when she first entered the upper class.

The former Duke Choiseul had a close relationship with the Ransen faction when he gained power. He took a tolerant attitude towards the expulsion of the Jesuits by the Supreme Court of Paris. As a supporter behind him, Madame Pompadour was naturally not in the Pietist party. Popular now.

Madame Dubali lived in a completely different era from Madame Pompadour. At that time, the Jesuits almost disappeared in France, but there were still residues in the court. When the Supreme Court repeatedly opposed the king’s order, she was finally annoyed. Louis XV, he regarded the High Court as a stumbling block. The purpose of Maupe's reform is to eliminate the rebellious tendency of the Supreme Court, re-establish the absolute authority of the royal power, and rationalize the complicated and chaotic judicial system under the old system. The first thing he needs to do is to expel these Ransen judges.

  The prosecutors who agreed to cooperate with Maupe were not entirely due to power conspiracy, but also expressed sympathy for the Jesuits. What would the defeat of France have to do with Jesus?

  The Jesuits manage education, but as Jean Jacques Rousseau said, why is the civilized West conquered by nomads without education and civilized?

   Rousseau believes that many authors believe that human beings are cruel by nature and need to be enlightened by civilization to make them gentle, but in fact there is nothing more gentle than a person in a natural state. The position set by nature for them is as far away as the ignorance of animals and the wisdom of human misfortune. Natural compassion restrains primitive people from doing anything to harm others, even when he is hurt, he does not want revenge.

The newly established society needs a state different from the primitive human beings. Human activities have begun to be affected by morality. Before the advent of the law, everyone was the only referee and avenger of harm he suffered. However, this kind of nature It is no longer applicable in society. People collide more and more frequently, and the means of revenge have become more and more cruel. The fear of revenge has played the same role as the harsh law.

Those judges who were exiled heard that their life was "very bad". Even if Louis XVI came to power and overthrew the Maupe reforms and made those judges return to their posts, they would not dare to talk to them again before the exile. Dare to disobey the king's order.

At this time Marie Antoinette became the master of the palace. She hated Dubali. After sending the first mistress to the monastery, Mopp and Dageyon, the important ministers who reformed the law and economy, were lost. Backing, they were replaced by the Duke Choiseul, who was once favored by Madame Pompadour.

  The Duke is very capable in diplomacy. He is most proud of the marriage between France and Austria.

  In addition, he also contributed to the French acquisition of Corsica. In order to prevent the annexation of Poland by Queen Catherine of Russia, he instigated the Ottoman Empire to launch a Russian-Turkish war, but he had no achievements in internal affairs.

  When the High Court gathered for the financial reforms he needed, he knew that he had no objection, and he waited until the Supreme Court recommended the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1762 before adopting a laissez-faire attitude.

He supported Voltaire’s plan to build a new city, Voltaire, the first city in France to allow Protestants to marry. This city is famous for its clocks and stockings. Voltaire once gave the Duke of Choiseul. The lady sent a pair of exquisite stockings to open up the Paris market.

  At this time, the era of Choiseul and Antoinette was different from before. After the judge was expelled, many affairs in the court were controlled by lawyers, and the lawyer system became an important content of modern justice. Harry was summoned to the Ministry of Magic for questioning. As a minor, he has no adult guardianship and no lawyer, which is incredible in a Muggle court.

  But it is understandable that it is in the wizarding court of the "Middle Ages".

  The people are not able to withstand incitement. What's more, lawyers are all orators. They are used to the days without judges. These judges wearing wig sets have to divide their power when they come back. How can they give up?

  No matter what era or place, as long as there are conflicts in a human society, there must be mechanisms and ways to resolve them.

Some people rely on their fists, and some design rules. Generally speaking, a martial artist is noisy than a scholar, and women like to fall in love with their ears. People who can speak well when everything is fine are often more popular, but when it comes time they need to be used. When using force, scholars cannot defeat soldiers.

The votes cast by the elders who were lawyers in the Wuyue coup were under the surveillance of Napoleon’s army bayonet. The elder who thought he had found a good knife, did not expect that the knife had his own consciousness. In the end, He also became a subordinate of the "first ruling".

Napoleon launched the war in Egypt to gain political capital for himself. If he wins, he will bring greater reputation, but the people in the Senate are not fools. They will not let Napoleon continue to grow bigger, and they will not save that Egypt. Of the expeditionary force.

After losing the navy in the naval battle, the French army and those scholars who went to France with Napoleon had to be transported back by British warships. The condition of the British at that time was that the French had all the research results and cultural relics collected in Egypt. The scientists who had been on the battlefield sent a letter to the British general, and even if they burned all the papyrus, the British would never get it.

  The British have always been good at "compromising." In the end, the cultural relics were transported to the ship in the name of personal belongings and sent back to Paris. Only the Rosetta Stone was transported back to London by the British because of its weight.

"The result of Bonaparte’s expedition to Egypt was actually a failure, but he was very aware of the French. He asked scholars to write a book about Egypt, with the most gorgeous cover, introducing the most beautiful customs in Egypt, and soon people Become keen on discussing the knowledge of Egyptology, and forgot the failed expedition." Hathor shook the wine in the glass, drunk like a woman in love and said, "What a cunning little man."

   "You're all right." Pomona pours a half-empty glass for Hathor again.

   "Why did he choose'God'? Its heaven is the same as Duat. No one will enjoy the love of men and women." Hathor gave a drunk hiccup.

   Pomona thought of the priests who looked very "abstinent" in black coats.

   took another look at the beautiful Egyptian goddess of love.

  "He chose fate, not waiting for fate to choose." Pomona learned the tone of Albus and said, "He could have waited in Paris, but he chose to go to Egypt for an expedition."

"The best defense is offense." Hathor smiled. "It may be more dangerous to wait for him in Paris. He belongs to the wilderness. Did you know that Napoleon means the lion in the wilderness in Corsican? the meaning of?"

   "I have heard of this legend, as if the name was given to him by a priest." Pomona said.

  Unexpectedly, Hathor was upset.

   "You mean he was born to belong to God?"

   "It's stupid that he didn't choose you." Pomona immediately changed her words, "If he chooses you, why should he suffer the shame that a woman brings him!"

  Hator didn’t answer her right away, and seemed to be thinking, which is really not a good sign.

  "Are you in Paris, have you heard of Grindelwald?" Pomona immediately changed the subject, "He planned to destroy the city."

   "I know him." Hathor pointed to Pomona's nose drunkly. "We have all heard his speech."

"what?"

  "He was speaking in the cemetery. The cemetery is the residence of the dead. He really knows where to choose." Hathor swayed the wine to his mouth, as if he might get drunk at any time.

  The key is that she has been "drunk" for a long time.

  A woman’s friendship often originates from hatred for another woman.

  Pomona is drinking while thinking, who should she tell her right from wrong?

  (End of this chapter)