Harry Potter’s Morning Light

  Chapter 1758 Queen of Hell (29)

The earliest European immigrants kept a certain distance from the Mengxi people when they arrived in New York. The Indians were hospitable, but not fools. The strange appearance of the Europeans and the big boat they took made them vigilant. As Europe and the Indians came more and more The more familiar they were, they proposed that they wanted to live with the Indians and only required a piece of land the size of the vegetable garden.

  This land can be covered or surrounded by cowhide, and this cowhide is placed in front of the Indians, so the Indians readily agreed.

But at this moment, the immigrants took out a knife and cut it into a long rope from one end of the skin, which was not wider than a child’s finger, so that when the whole cowhide was cut, the cowhide became a bunch of leather ropes. One end of the rope was pulled out and walked slowly, being careful not to break the leather rope.

In the end, the leather rope formed a circle, closed at both ends, enclosing a large piece of land. The Indians were surprised by the wit of the immigrants, but they were too lazy to care about them on a small piece of land. After all, they still had enough. soil of.

  After Indians and Europeans lived peacefully for a period of time, Europeans always asked for transactions from time to time. Shell beads are beads made from oyster shells. Shells are produced on Staten Island and the eastern coast of Long Island. These beads are regarded as a sacred gift of nature. It did not have a currency function at the beginning, but was used as a wedding gift, a symbol of friendship, exchange tokens, and mourning items. However, the Dutch who lacked gold and silver noticed that the locals valued shell beads, so they used shell beads as currency.

  In the early days, the Indians used a simple method to make shell beads. They used stone tools to grind the shells into round or oval slices and then drill holes on them. This requires a lot of labor. The Dutch gave European tools to the Shinnecock Indians on Long Island and asked them to produce shell beads. As a result, shell beads became a currency of European colonies.

  There are two main types of shells that can be used to make shell beads, one is white, the other is black, the white is the North Atlantic snail, and the black is the edge of a clam.

  In the faith of Indians, more is better, and loose shell beads are not of high value. Only shell beads that are made into beads or beads are considered to contain high value. In the 20th century, many American children liked to play a game of stringing beads into bracelets. This is a tradition left by the early immigrants. After acquiring European awl and drill bits, the production of shell beads increased significantly. Men also joined this previously exclusive female job. Jobs such as hunting and weaving were abandoned. As a result, the Indians became more and more dependent on Dutch supplies. Of goods.

After recognizing the influence of the new tools on their own traditions, some older Indian women refused to use these tools. However, they refused. European women could easily replace them to complete the work, so that the official price was set by New Amsterdam. Say one copper can be exchanged for six white beads or three black beads.

Later, due to the production of too many shell beads, 16 white beads were worth 1 Stuffer in 1659. This inflation has brought serious damage to the local economy, causing the price of fur to skyrocket and daily transactions. It was a mess.

At that time, people wanted to use the old methods to control inflation, that is, administrative intervention, but the effect was negligible. Later, some smart people bought a large amount of shell beads at low prices and buried them in the ground, so that the shells circulating in the market There were fewer beads, and within a few weeks the price of shell beads was under control. By 1666, 3 shell beads were equivalent to 1 Stuffer. These merchants made profits from this, while other merchants suffered heavy losses.

  The shrewdness of the Europeans kept the Indians losing their land until the Indians discovered that the Europeans wanted all of their land.

Colonial expansion affected the war within the Indians. As the old saying goes, two competing demons are better than an angel. In order to meet the European market’s demand for fur, the Dutch, British, Swedes, and French thought Do everything possible to buy them, even if the Dutch refused to sell guns to the Mengxi people, they still had them, because at that time the Mohawk people had guns, and the Mengxi people migrated and merged into the Mohawk people.

This can be regarded as a tradition of the Indians. The Iroquois would use war to capture the population and make up for the population lost due to diseases and wars. The small tribes would also depend on the large tribes to obtain the resources they wanted, but they would depend on Captivity is not the same, and the captured prisoners of war are usually slaves.

  Not only Indians learn from Europeans quickly, but Europeans learn from Indians quickly. As conflicts between Indians and Europeans increase, Europeans are also taken away as slaves by Indians.

  The abducted Europeans usually have to be redeemed. John Alden was assigned to take charge of this matter. This money must be given to the governor of Massachusetts who protects the king’s people. The conditions are negotiable.

  The abducted people will eventually be slaves for a period of time, and usually they will be looked down upon by the residents who have not been abducted. A pastor listed the chapters of Leviticus in the Bible. All male servants and maids purchased from a foreign country must be "permanently slaves". It is the inherited property of them and their children. Those foreigners who are purchased cannot resemble Those Hebrews who were bought were freed in the millennium, so they were distinguished from slaves from Africa. Job, who is regarded as the best, is also a slave owner. There is also a story of Noah's drunkenness in "Genesis". That may be the first sentence about a slave. Michelangelo is on the zenith of the Sistine Chapel. I also drew this story. When Noah's sons put on robes for the wiry father, Noah cursed the younger son: "You will be your brother's slave."

  The pro-slavery clergy in the South cites the "Bible" to prove the legitimacy of slavery. With God as the backing, slavery will have an overwhelming moral advantage, and naturally, there will be no "equal for everyone" in the South.

  God allowed some people to be kings, some to be masters and women, some to be merchants and laborers, and others to be servants and slaves. This is what missionaries argue for social inequality and hierarchy. The cotton from the southern plantations has to be sent to the British factories for processing. The Americans in the South have a closer relationship with the United Kingdom than in the North. If slavery is moral, then what evil system is there in the world?

  The slave owners argued that slavery is a benevolent system. The four world empires in the Bible also engaged in continuous battles. It was slavery that saved the lives of prisoners of war. Slave owners in the South do not squeeze labor day and night like the capitalists in the North. If the slave meets a good master, the slave will live more comfortably than the peasant.

There is a rattlesnake on the American continent. It waggles its tail and makes a crisp sound when it sends out a warning. Its rattlesnake will increase by one each time it peels off. The rattlesnakes just born have only one rattlesnake, the older the rattlesnake The more it makes, the louder it makes. It is a viper like a cobra.

  In this way, the priest who said that he was born unequal was more like a devil pretending to be a devil.

Overthrowing patriarchy is of course terrifying and requires a little bit of "offensive" behavior. British Robert Filmer is the author of "Patriarchy". He said: Monarchs, like Adam, have absolute authority over living beings. .

  For the supporters of the king, the monarch has an inviolable right, which comes from the monarchy granted by the gods.

  When the "Glorious Revolution" came in 1688, the Whigs needed a political theory to make their revolutionary party reasonable and get rid of the concept of monarch power, and what tended to this new idea was the contract theory modified by Locke.

  In the past, people had nothing to do when they met the monarch, and the contract required the king to exercise his rule properly, otherwise the subjects had the right to release allegiance to them.

Before the 17th century, people generally believed that only through the pope can allegiance be lifted, because the pope is the representative of the world, and the Protestants believe that they can share the grace with the pope, and the pope will lose the power to lift the allegiance of the subjects to the king. This also caused the church to suppress heretics more severely than the heretics.

In "On Opposing Tyrants", it is said that kingship contains two contracts. In the first contract, God is one party, and the people and the king are one party. They maintain the ancient contract between God and his elect, the Ten Commandments of Moses. In the second contract, the king promised the people a fair rule, and the people obeyed him. Therefore, the kings were bound by the contract and ruled justly, while the subjects had an appointment with God to guard them and make them rule. Justice, the constitutional monarchy requires the king to sign the constitution. Louis XVI accepted the constitution, but when he fled, he left a statement on the table condemning the Constituent Assembly for taking away the power of the royal family.

  Since the late 17th century, God has withdrawn from direct contact with humans. People no longer hear what it says or see hallucinations and miracles like ancient prophets, but hide them.

  It has become the designer and the first promoter of the universe. People understand it by understanding the structure of the universe created by him. This is also the mysterious and infinite structural law created by Kepler and Galileo.

Maybe Isaac Newton did not have the heart to deify nature, but the decisive step of deification of nature originated from him. In 1692, his "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" had been published for six years, but the New World and Europe were two years old. One-time contact speed, maybe it has not been popularized.

  After deifying the nature, the church can be easily kicked out, and the monarchy and deity are even less believed.

What Newton revealed was the mystery of harmony between nature and God, but many things did not develop as they were originally designed. The Salem Witchcraft Trial was to find out the murderous wizard and restore the normal order of the town. Instead, the Witchcraft accusation Become a threat to order.

The last person who threatened the normal order of Massachusetts Bay was Anne Hutchinson. She was born in a good family in Boston. She was smart and charming. In 1634, with her husband came to Massachusetts, she had a fierce argument with local officials. She believed that Massachusetts The clergymen of are not "people chosen by God," that is, those who have converted their beliefs. Such people have no right to hold the priesthood, with the exception of community leader John Cotton and her brother-in-law.

Anne challenged the status of women among the Puritans at that time, namely obedience, prudence, modesty, and diligence. She often preached in her home in Boston, and she had a large number of followers among the female community. She also attracted some businessmen, young people, and the colonial government. People with different political opinions.

At that time, Massachusetts was expanding under the leadership of Governor Winthrop. The Connecticut River Valley was actually not far from New York. As long as there is an order from England, New York could merge with New Jersey, and Massachusetts could merge with New Hampshire, but the King did. New Hampshire was chartered to become an independent royal colony, and the king appointed a governor.

Massachusetts also wants to annex Plymouth, Rhode Island, Maine, and Maine in particular. It is French territory. To occupy it requires military action. New York has always avoided the complicated situation brought about by military operations. It wants to earn money in peace and follow. There are many things in Annie's businessmen who are not eligible for election. When Hutchinson's influence expanded, Winthrop interrogated her on charges of being a heretic, and ruled her into exile as a "woman who is incompatible with society."

  She took her family and some followers to Rhode Island, then moved to New York, where she was killed in an Indian riot in 1643.

Benjamin Hutchinson, 20, is actually her grandson. Compared with his prestigious grandmother, her children are very low-key. Benjamin’s father also died in the King Philip War, but the young man ignored him. John Indian.

  John Indian served dishes for the guests, and Benjamin was behind the bar. Although in a tavern, he rarely spoke. Everyone was busy with their own things. They had the Ingersolls in common.

  The judges have found a way out for themselves, but Putnam's family does not. The Ingersolls happen to have many friends, including the pastor Paris and Putnam. Who knows that such a brilliant and powerful person will be defeated.

  The scourge is sometimes introduced into the house by oneself.

  If Proctor did not take in Mary Warren, what fate would that beautiful girl be?

  If a person can not be scared, this state proves that he is either mentally confused, stupid, or both.

  Mary was just frightened, although she was only detained for one day.

She is as beautiful as a rose, and as delicate as a rose. It would be great if there was a "lawyer knight" to protect her. Unfortunately, the court did not allow lawyers. It is difficult for country folks to say that they have this legal concept, not to mention any good lawyers at the time. .

  I am a fish with a knife, just like that piece of cowhide in front of the Indian. The knife-bearer can cut as much as he wants, and circle as he pleases.

After Andros came to power, he implemented the "Navigation Law" promulgated by James II. It was revised three times before and after. The first navigation law prohibits any trade between the colony and other countries, and can only conduct commercial transactions with British merchant ships. Tobacco only It can be exported to Britain and British colonies. The second navigation law stipulates that all goods shipped from Europe to the colonies must pass through Britain in order to tax them. The third navigation law stipulates that coastal trade between British colonies must also be taxed. The bureaucrats thought that this would increase the colony’s income. In fact, it was extremely troublesome to implement. When the Bostonians knew that the king was overthrown by the "Glorious Revolution", they immediately deposed Andros. Was arrested and imprisoned.

  In 1691, the new British regime merged Plymouth and Massachusetts. The new charter not only gave the right to appoint the governor to the royal family, but also restored the grand court.

Andros also has a deputy governor, Francis Nicholson, who manages New York through Nicholson. Nicholson has the support of local wealthy businessmen and fur merchants, and farmers, craftsmen, small traders and shopkeepers are right. He had a deep grievance. The leader of these opposition groups was Jacob Lesler. He was a German. He was married to a wealthy Dutch businessman. He was wealthy but never got the ruling class. When the news of the fall of Andros in Boston came through, Lai Sler occupied Governors Island and expelled Nicholson to become the Governor of New York. He tried to consolidate his power for two years, but failed. In 1691, William and Mary arranged for a new Governor, and Lesler made a brief resistance. Even though he succumbed soon, his political opponents accused him of treason and split him and a son-in-law.

  Since then, there have been Leslerists and anti-Leslerists in New York politics. In this case, the new governor of New York does not submit to Massachusetts, and of course he does not recognize the title of Boston's first city in North America.

  Witchcraft makes the brain run at high speed, the pulse beats heavily, the brain is exhausted, and the blood roars.

  Wizards are actually easy to become kings’ deputies, such as King Arthur and Merlin. Unfortunately, Phipps chose the pastor as a consultant. Why didn’t he ask more about Harvard scientists’ opinions on the trial?

  (End of this chapter)