Harry Potter’s Morning Light

  Chapter 2011 Thickness of the crucible (6)

In 1733, a watchmaker named Kay invented the flying shuttle using the principle of the spring inside the clock. In fact, it is a shuttle with small wheels at both ends of the chute. The two ends of the chute are equipped with springs to travel back and forth, which allows weaving. The speed of the machine became faster, which greatly improved the efficiency of weaving, but this was not the beginning of the industrial revolution.

  As the efficiency of weaving increases, the supply of cotton yarn can't keep up. First of all, the cotton textile industry is not original in Britain, but an imitation of Indian cotton. However, in 1721, the parliament ordered an absolute ban on the import of cotton yarn from India. The price of cotton yarn soared when the supply was in short supply. People were thinking hard about ways to improve the efficiency of cotton yarn output. But it wasn't until 1764 that a weaver kicked over his wife's spinning machine, and innovation really broke out.

However, with the emergence of hydro-spinning machines and mule machines, the loom has not been innovated again, which means that the output of spinning is higher than the demand for spinning in the UK, resulting in overcapacity, and various cotton yarn manufacturers have reduced prices for promotion. . In the case of a decline in raw materials, the price of cotton cloth has also fallen, but at this time the United Kingdom still relies mainly on artificial textiles.

  This is completely a lesson from the spinning industry. Even if someone has invented a hydro-power loom, if the new loom increases the efficiency by three times, the 200,000 people engaged in the hand-made textile industry will be reduced by 150,000.

  Of course, they might not care. The year when the trade agreement was implemented in 1786 happened to be the time when the United States Constitutional Convention was held. George III's crazy illness was not just because of his own physical problems.

  Although he was a little crazy, he did not hesitate to win the War of Independence like Louis XVI. Only then did William Pitt Jr. reform the tax system, hoping to draw taxes from the rich in the cotton textile industry.

To put it another way, the prosperity of the British textile industry rose by killing all non-European textile industries. The agreement in 1786 almost killed the textile industry in France, but the French did not suffer as much as the Indians. Trade was implemented. The French Revolution broke out two years later. People in the frontiers may not feel it, but the Paris Chamber of Commerce has a deep understanding, so they donated money to buy a battleship called "Paris Commerce".

  And adults are not as obedient as children, and children have slender fingers and short stature, so there is no need to bend over to check those lines like adults.

  They are paid one-third to one-sixth of adults, and some are even paid for just providing board and lodging. In the north and southwest, children start to work at the age of four or five. At the beginning, Pete agreed with this approach, and he publicly stated in his speech "the benefits of arranging them (referring to children) early on jobs that they can do." If someone is not afraid of trouble, they can calculate the total value that children have earned from now on, which is enough to meet their own needs and relieve the country from the burden.

  William Pitt is handsome, but he is not married. In his eyes, children are burdens that need to be invested in raising costs, and it is a pity that they are not able to work as soon as they are born. The reason why he changed so much was also because of many things. The first was the anti-tax riot organized by the Cotton Textile Association in 1784, and the second was the increasing crime rate.

First of all, spinning mills need to be built near the water, which makes it unsuitable for cities without active water to build factories, and the spinning mills also need a vast area. After the yarn is produced, it must be distributed to the weavers who work at home. After the cloth workers have completed the work according to the piece-rate method, the product-receiving manager often does not pay according to the price stated at the beginning, but gives a 40% to 70% off. After they are taken away, they will sell them nearby, so the outskirts of the city are ideal locations to build factories.

  This has caused the factory to absorb a lot of peasants from the outskirts of the city, who are often restless and disrespectful among the rural class. For example, Mr. Bennett in "Pride and Prejudice" is a representative of the squire. He has land, property, and a few noisy daughters, but no sons. This leads to him needing a male relative to inherit his. industry.

These workers have no property to inherit. They are accustomed to lying and stealing. Even if the theft will be sentenced to hanging, it still cannot be stopped, especially children. In 1801, a 13-year-old child was sentenced to death for stealing a spoon. Years old were also sentenced to hang for stealing trivial gadgets such as food, handkerchiefs, and hats.

   When Robert Peel put forward the proposal, he specifically pointed out the moral corruption of young workers, and he believed that the reason for these people's depravity was firstly because they lived an overly mixed life, and secondly because of lack of education.

  This argument will be moved even by the least sympathetic person. When Peel was praised and respected for “because of humanity and loyalty to the country,” the bill passed without hindrance in the House of Lords.

  But when I got to the House of Commons, I got stuck in my second reading. The position of a member of the House of Commons in the United Kingdom can be bought. Many first-generation factory owners bought one for their sons or promising relatives. If Robert Peel Jr.'s grades are good enough, Robert Sr. will also buy one for him. Position.

The title of this law at the beginning was "Protection of all factories or handicraft workshops", but now it has been discussed as "The law to protect the health and conduct of the apprentices of spinning mills and other factories, etc.", and it is almost as unimportant as the law of poverty alleviation. The supplementary range is gone.

  These children do not get enough rest and exercise when they grow up. Although they have been doing physical work, their muscles are loose, and they may not be able to fulfill the obligations of adults when they grow up. And there are indeed some parents who keep giving birth and make a living by exploiting their children, and they don't care if their children grow up.

Napoleon refused to give Arthur Young a good face, simply because he described France as a country of extreme suffering and poverty after traveling in France. Every page of his book wrote about the superiority of the British system. , The food, housing and clothing of rural workers in the UK are better than those in France, and there are fewer cases of food and food. Tea was originally drunk by nobles, but now it is drunk by people who are too poor to drink beer. At the breakfast table, he said that the taste of beer...In short, Muggle kids can't drink butter beer.

At the beginning, Robert Peel "requested" all factory owners to obey this law. He walked in his own factory and was shocked by the sickness and misery of the apprentices, the harsh living environment, and their ignorance and badness. He tends to feel worried. When he learns that other factories are worse, he feels that it is necessary to correct the situation and take general measures.

   And now his tone has become: It is unreasonable to extend the law to the smallest cottages in Britain. As for the topic of "the lower class must not be exploited the opportunity to change its destiny", there is no mention at all.

The factories should be divided into different sizes. It may be more convenient for large factories to supervise. Small factories and medium-sized factories are located in rural areas. Because of road problems, it is difficult to go to those places to supervise, and the representatives of the factory owners say that these laws are harmful. For their freedom and industrial interests. Handicraft workshops are not only yarn factories, but also iron factories, glass, and ceramics.

The changes brought by the big factories to the population are obvious. After the Glorious Revolution, the land aristocracy of the Tory Party controlled the election of members of parliament. Some “declining electoral districts” still have seats for parliamentarians. Because of the population loss, the declining electoral districts have reduced some seats in electoral districts with increased population, and allocated more seats to electoral districts with increased population, that is, emerging industrial cities.

According to the regulations of the Paris Wool Weavers Guild, each weaver is only allowed to have two wide and one narrow looms in his home, and each weaver is only allowed to lead one apprentice at most, and everyone in the guild Work is not allowed to start before sunrise. Offenders will be fined by the craftsman, and weavers and helpers will stop working after the first evening prayer bell, no matter how advanced their work is.

  These regulations limit the number of looms, the number of people and labor hours in the workshop. These regulations are not intended to protect apprentices and helpers or to reduce exploitation, but are the result of the bankruptcy of the entire industry in order to avoid free competition.

Regarding product regulations, Paris weaving full-width fabrics must have the same tough warp and weft threads, and there are also regulations on the number of lines of the full-width fabric. Anyone who does not meet the conditions is not allowed to weave full-width fabrics in Paris, and the standard for full-width fabrics is seven feet wide and five Feet long.

  The wool textile industry has some rules, but the cotton textile industry does not. Even the British Silk Guild, which has no sense of existence, has corresponding rules.

  As for the two pieces of cloth that Georgiana randomly found in the market, their fixed lengths are different, and Sharptal doesn't know if he can play it hard or if there is no secret. The size of the looms in the homes of British weavers is variable, but there must be a gap between the first-class and second-class products, even if they are similar in style.

The same is true for people. They look the same, but they are very different. The first batch of apprentices made a lot of money for the steward of the parish orphanage. They can wear silk, ride horses, and wear silver pocket watches, but they should take care of them. His religious education is gone.

Peel asked the apprentices to go to the church outside or in the factory to attend the prayer ceremony on Sunday. In order to supervise the implementation of the law, the security judge of the county should send two inspectors a year, one selected from local officials and the other from the state church pastor. select. These inspectors have the right to enter the plant at any time and have the right to call a doctor immediately. If an infectious disease call is found, they have the obligation to report to the county court where the security judge belongs.

  As for the implementation, Oliver has already told the answer. Many children escape from the orphanage and would rather pickpocket on the street than go back. In contrast, the Wu's Orphanage where Tom Riddle once stayed is simply a paradise.

  They are all dressed in adult clothes, looking like some kind of large robes, they don't fit well. Britain during the Industrial Revolution always reminded her of Cokworth and the pale, thin boy in his mother's floral shirt.

  The clock is ticking. If there is no time converter, she would not want to rescue the crazy idea of ​​the double agent who fell in a pool of blood and died when victory is about to come.

Why didn’t Harry even think at the time that Arthur Weasley was bitten by Nagini like Severus, and there is an antidote in St. Mungo, as long as he is taken to the hospital and he is fed blood The agent can make him come alive.

  After talking with the "congressman", Georgianna walked out of the church and walked to the temporary residence surrounded by Figel and a crowd of French people.

  Maybe she will not weave tapestries like Josephine, but she can try to weave another thing.

  But she needs time to think carefully, otherwise the production may be a mess, not as good as the original.

  (End of this chapter)