Harry Potter’s Morning Light

Chapter 3052 adamas (5)

Joseph was a carpenter who once lived in Nazareth. Nathanael, one of the disciples, once said of that city, "Is there anything good about Nazareth?"

Although Nazareth is indeed not a "good place", it is at least not like Sodom. Before God decided to destroy it, he sent an angel to let Abraham, the righteous man in the city, take his family to leave.

There is such a record in the Roman Law of the Twelve Tables: Babies with deformities should be killed immediately.

Your father created you, and he has the power to destroy you.

 Joseph was only the adoptive father of Jesus. This was known to the whole city, for Mary was married to him while pregnant.

 The Bible doesn’t say much about Joseph except that he planned to break off the engagement secretly.

 In other words, the adoptive father cannot control the kind of person an adopted son will become like a father who has parental authority. If the mother has parental authority, she can also discipline a disobedient child. She cannot beat or scold her without parental rights, so they can only provide shelter and food to the child.

 Theoretically, fathers in ancient Rome would take their children with them and teach them step by step how to behave in the world, handle official affairs, etc. But if the father is busy having a banquet and his son is suddenly brought to him one day, he may not recognize who the young man is for a while.

 Now that the child is almost an adult, he is faced with a career choice, whether to join the army or go to the Senate, which requires his father's consent.

  Guardians can only provide advice to their children, even if they are not satisfied with his choices.

˜Based on the personal protection of minors, students in third grade and above who want to go to Hogsmeade need a guardian’s signature to “agree” for the minor to go to Hogsmeade.

 The students during this period are actually completely uncontrollable, because Hogsmeade is not under the school's supervision. Fortunately, there have been no incidents so far.

Three Broomsticks' butterbeer is very popular, but it was still wine when it was first called "One Broomsticks".

Then Albus Dumbledore helped Mrs. Rosmerta improve the formula so that Butterbeer would not get drunk no matter how much she drank. It was more suitable for young wizards and people like him with a sweet tooth, and it also prevented safety accidents when young wizards got drunk. .

Then why not just leave the beer out?

 This is a good question, maybe because butterbeer is a drink in the wizarding world. How can butterbeer without beer be called "beer"?

 A few more steps can make ordinary wine full of "magic". The experience of brewing a magic potion is different from holding a magic wand to cast a spell.

The further you walk towards Hogsmeade, the more you can see the Shrieking Shack, which was once used as a dormitory for female teachers.

 It is a kind of donation, donated to the school by people who are enthusiastic about education. It is not within the scope of the fence and protective magic circle, but it can also be regarded as the school's property.

 In the edict of Pope Gregory IX, believers were encouraged to obtain salvation by donating inheritance.

On the day of harvest, only by doing your best to do good deeds, following the path of God, first sowing in the world, and then harvesting in heaven, can you obtain greater gifts from God. Those who do not faithfully make bequests and refuse to obey the above advice will no longer be considered saints and will eventually be buried in an unclean place. A similar fate will befall a person who dies intestate, and because he has failed to do as much good as he could before his death, the church will receive the administration of his property, ensure his salvation, and have the right to use part of it for With "the cause of piety".

 In the past, people felt that salvation was important. They not only prepared their own funerals early, but also donated a sum of money to the church.

Pope Alexander III issued an edict in 1170 that unless a priest was present, a will would be considered invalid. Any will drafted by a lay notary without a priest present would be punishable by canon, that is, excommunication. membership.

The church has special jurisdiction over the probate of wills, and donating or bequeathing money to the church for "pious causes" is considered the most reliable way to alleviate the pain of purgatory. The Crusaders would also sell land to the church at very low prices to raise military expenses. In many cases, the loans applied to the church using the land as collateral would be confiscated due to debt repayment. These lands that fell into the hands of the church were called "dead hands" because in most cases they would never be circulated on the market again.

There is a fee for ringing bells at funerals, which varies in different places. It is possible to ring a bell for 1 shilling each time.

 There are also different fees for the location of the coffin. Henry VIII drafted the "Act to Regulate the Collection of Funeral Fees by Priests" in 1529. Priests are not allowed to levy mortuary fees from deceased persons whose movable assets are less than 10 marks, and they must not exceed the regular fee.

He later enacted the Perpetual Business Act, which was intended to prevent donors from donating land to the church. All transfers of real estate were declared invalid "as prejudicial to the king and subjects" and previously transferred lands would be confiscated to " Middle Lords”. In 1545, the "Church Dissolution Act" was promulgated, which dissolved some monasteries with an annual income of less than 200 pounds and their property was confiscated.

Donations of immovable property were strictly restricted, but movable property was not mentioned. By the time of Henry III, the ecclesiastical courts had acquired the privilege of testamentary disposition of movable property. Bishops and religious judges in the diocese were responsible for executing wills, especially those for pious purposes. When the cause is established but no executor is named, the bishop becomes the religious judge, and the judges of other courts are deemed to be incompetent and have no jurisdiction.

In addition, when the inheritance planned as a "pious cause" is not enough to fulfill the will, the "debt" will be paid "priority" from the private bequest. If the testator deletes it, or if the testator proposes to delete it, it will be regarded as a violation. The original intention was that the devil was tempting him not to do "pious work" and save his soul.

  This matter could not be prosecuted before the middle of the 15th century. Files accumulated layer after layer in the Court of Chancery, but the Court of Chancery could not accept it because of the privileges granted to the ecclesiastical courts by Henry III.

 Oh, you said the amount involved was huge? The Countess of Tuscany once attempted to donate a third of Italy, although she was later blocked.

It is not uncommon for fathers to leave their sons no money despite their wealth. This is the case with Peabody, who competed with Malfoy for the right to develop charity housing in London. Instead, he donated museums to Harvard and Yale universities.

 In 1786 there was a case in which a testator intended to donate money for the building of a new church at South Wheatley, but the Bishop of Oxford opposed the matter.

 Oxford is a university city. There is no fixed boundary for the university in Oxford, unlike Hogwarts, which has a gate guarded by wild boars.

In addition to land property rights issues, the "historic buildings" on the ground are also very distinctive. Some are named after celebrities, which can be said to be monuments of another style.

The donor was just an ordinary person, but he wanted to build a church in the university town, but no one expected that before the deacon of Oxford jumped up, the archbishop actually objected.

After Sir Bacon resigned as Lord Privy Seal in 1579, he requested that litigation to enforce the will be handled by the religious courts. The justices of the Court of Chancery also felt that the recipients of private bequests should file lawsuits in the religious courts where they were located. .

 The problem is that the executor must fulfill the testator's wish to build a church in Oxford before he can receive a personal bequest.

The church's idea is to use this donation to repair the existing church and increase subsidies for the pastor. This is in line with the "principle of approximation" of charity. When the testator's will cannot be fulfilled, it can be used for similar charities. Purpose.

 The executor strictly required that a new church must be built, otherwise the will would be deemed invalid.

The matter was brought to the head of the magistrate, who happened to be a descendant of a French nobleman who fled to England after Louis XIV abrogated the Edict of Nantes.

 The final result was that the new church still had to be built, but it was only a small chapel. 1,000 pounds was used to increase the pastor's allowance, and the rest belonged to the executor.

Since the 15th century, secular believers no longer believe that church courts have jurisdiction over and hear will cases. First, the cost of litigation in church courts is too high and the procedures are protracted. Second, the church is generally corrupt. Many executors and administrators would rather be honest. Condemnation must be accepted as long as the deception can bring about temporal benefits.

 In addition, it is intended for owners who do not have inheritance rights. At common law, except in certain privileged cities such as London, land cannot be bequeathed in a will, but land can be transferred through a charitable bequest.

In "Pride and Prejudice", the nephew of Mr. Bennet, the squire, became the parish priest. Since the Bennet family had no sons, he became the heir to Mr. Bennet's property.

If Bennett wanted to bypass him and give the land to his daughters, he would need these procedures, and he would need someone he could trust. But it happened that his nephew was the vicar of his parish. Unless one of Elizabeth's sisters married him, he would have the right to drive all the women out of the house after Mr. Bennett's death.

When Oxford's will for "charitable purposes" was invalid because it could not be fulfilled, the donation was no longer enforceable by the ecclesiastical courts, and all of the £3,000 went to the beneficiaries specified in the will.

In the German Civil Code, the feasibility of a procedure is regarded as something that determines its legitimacy. This can be seen in the orphans' court and the probate court. Before making a decision, in addition to hearing the opinions of a specific person, it is also necessary to try to collect all the information required for the case. Materials are evaluated as "feasible", which depends on the value of comprehensiveness for the technical purposes involved.

It doesn't matter if you don't understand these tortuous rules, just remember "just". When Henry VIII promulgated the "Act of Dissolution of the Church", the reason he used in the preface to explain its legitimacy was that the church's management of charitable bequests was chaotic. The argument is that after his death, the "Church Dissolution Act" was suspended for a period of time, and his son continued to use the "Church Dissolution Act" to collect church property. This time the reasons used were superstition, abuse of memorial masses and other behaviors.

At the same time, the church still retained its privileges over the disposition of movable property, probate, and land transfers. Before the 17th century, the favoritism for charity in property settlements still existed, and this was what Robert Peel encountered when he was reforming the police system. The main resistance was that the summary courts of the parish were not always used to try witches, and the costs of litigation in the church courts at that time were already free.

 The enclosure involved real estate, which was not under the jurisdiction of the church courts. As for the magistrates, many of them were squires and knights. After 1550, they were the main beneficiaries of the enclosure movement. Many monastery lands belonged to them.

It is said that Gryffindor believes in courage and justice, and Hufflepuff sometimes does the same.

 James died in battle, and people tend to remember famous generals and heroes and ignore those who died in battle.

 Sometimes what separates people is just death, without such complicated and ups and downs storyline.

 If there is no one to take care of their family members, and the people on the front line still have scruples to fight, even if they sacrifice themselves to let the country win, what will happen to their families?

 Perhaps they would think that they might as well surrender. Although it would be dishonorable, they would still have a life left and they could go back and take care of their families.

　Not just James and Lily, but also the Longbottoms and the Weasley family.

If Hogwarts was a sanctuary for house elves, it would be a sanctuary for them too.

 They have suffered a lot outside, they should enjoy happiness and...

At this time, a line of black smoke rolled from behind her, quickly surpassed her, stopped on her way forward, and gradually materialized.

Snape, who was dressed in black, seemed to step out of it. Under the correction of the moonlight, his face was no longer sallow, but as pale as a marble sculpture.

 “You haven’t answered my question yet.” He said pretending to be calm.

Pomona looked down at the mud on her feet and felt that there were some things she should say while wearing crystal high heels.

“Answer my question,” he repeated, a bit like he was scolding a classmate.

She turned her head and looked at the forest aside. This path through the Forbidden Forest was a shortcut to Hogsmeade. Sometimes animals would stay on it. For them, the difference between the road and the forest floor was just a smooth surface. That’s all.

“The centaurs and the trolls got along well, and the trolls found new water points to irrigate their crops,” Pomona said.

 He looked at her expressionlessly.

 “Am I right, Firenze?” Pomona shouted.

There was the sound of heavy footsteps in the forest, which sounded like the sound of horse hooves stepping on fallen leaves.

 Then a centaur walked out of the shadows without a bow or arrow.

"It's just temporary." Firenze said in an elegant voice. "I can't tell whether you are right or wrong, Professor."

"That's the answer to your question," Pomona said, looking at Snape, who also frowned at Firenze.

 “You’re out stargazing so early?” Pomona said politely.

 “Going back!” Before Firenze could answer, Snape said coldly, grabbed his robe and left.

Pomona doesn’t want to leave, she also has her own “social” life.

"Didn't you have dinner?" Snape turned around and said after seeing that she hadn't followed him.

She struggled for a few seconds, then reluctantly turned and walked towards the castle.

She didn’t follow him. They went their separate ways, just in the same direction by chance.

Right, that is it!

“Let’s talk next time we meet!” Pomona turned around and waved to Firenze. The centaur stood there motionless, like a statue.

 (End of this chapter)