I can extract side effects

When Director Cui received the people from Sanqing from the gate of the hospital, it was almost evening.

With a joyful smile on his face, he held the other party's right hand tightly, expressing his excitement.

"Hello, Xue Shen, right? It's a pleasure to meet you. Great, you came so fast, I thought it would be tomorrow."

Xue Shen smiled slightly. He was of medium build, with a flat head and square face. He looked unattractive, but his eyes were clear and focused, and his expression was calm and calm. He was wearing a white lab coat and stood in the outpatient hall of the hospital. The surrounding medical staff are no different.

He withdrew his hand calmly, patted a refrigerator in his left hand, and said: "This is not to save people, we are also in a hurry, by the way, this is according to your antibiotic plan, in the laboratory Ad hoc nanopills loaded with teicoplanin."

"The toxicity of teicoplanin is low, and the adverse reactions are generally mild and short-lived. It is very suitable for frail patients."

"The previous antibiotic regimen had little effect, so we have great hopes for the nano-pill, and I hope it will work." Director Cui said worriedly, leading Xue Kun to the ICU.

However, he did not directly enter the ICU ward, but stopped a doctor at the door, and ordered: "Go and ask the patient's family members to sign it first, saying that it is a brand-new antibiotic treatment plan of Sanqing, and you need to sign a clinical trial agreement." Book, we will go over and give the patient medicine after finishing it."

Seeing the doctor nodding away, he brought Xue Kun into his office.

"Come on, it's cold outside, drink a cup of hot water to warm up." Director Cui handed over a cup of hot water and said with a smile, "I've been practicing medicine for most of my life, and this is the first time I've seen nano-pills. There has been so much research into nanotechnology."

Xue Kun put the box on the table and opened it, and said with a smile: "Actually, it's nothing unusual, it's completely different from the ones in sci-fi movies, so don't take it seriously."

Director Cui looked over eagerly, and saw two syringes in the box, and the transparent syringes were filled with light green liquid.

He didn't dare to touch it casually, he carefully stared and looked at it, and then exclaimed, "This is a nano-pill, it looks quite ordinary, and it is indeed different from what I imagined."

"Well, can you tell me a little bit about the relevant technology so that I can understand it?"

Xue Shen had a rather complacent expression on his face, and spoke slowly.

"In fact, nanotechnology is not a profound word, but refers to the technology developed on the nanometer scale, mainly because the main molecular players in living organisms, as well as the targets of mainstream drugs and therapeutic methods in medicine, Proteins and DNA, both at the nanoscale."

"You should know that biomolecules such as DNA and proteins belong to the nanometer scale, living organisms such as E. rice, constitutes the whole human body."

"Human beings can only perceive the macroscopic world at present, and can't see the nanoscale world where individual biomolecules live. These are two completely different worlds, and nanotechnology is the interface that directly connects the two worlds."

"It's a technology that spans space, from the macroscopic scale where a doctor resides, to the nanoscale where biomolecules reside, in an ultra-complex multiscale landscape of organs, tissues, and cells."

"The last generation of scientists has been conservatively optimistic that life can be reduced to genes and molecules."

"They believe that life is like building blocks. Countless chemical molecules are pieced together into a biochemical computer according to a genetically encoded algorithm program, and real consciousness and life can be produced from a macro level."

"As all the details of life are delved into, the more one learns, the more one realizes the complexity of biology."

"The composition of each organism is multi-scale, and unique biomechanical models can be constructed on each scale, such as biomolecular function models, cell behavior models, and tissue models."

"These models are integrated to provide a quantitative mathematical representation of biological phenomena."

"In other words, it's actually the physics of life."

"Physics, the scientific and cognitive divide between attempts to map nanoscales (molecules), microscales (cells), millimeter and centimeter scales for tissues and organs, meter scales for large living organisms, and even entire planetary scale ecosystems , to build a bridge of intercommunication.”

"By using physics to study biology, we will actually extract the formula of the universe, weave and assemble matter from the nanometer scale, and continue to enlarge the scale to obtain the ultimate power to revolutionize human technology and medicine."

"Knowing genes alone is not enough to explain life, nor to meet medical challenges."

"Now in the 21st century, people have embraced the complexity of life. Apart from believing that life is a symphony of genes, cells, tissues, body and environment, science has no other rationally feasible route."

"Quantitative science and technology and the mathematical description of biology are the instruments that make up this symphony."

"Nanotechnologies are one of those instruments because we can use them to sense the chemical and physical properties of the microscopic world."

"At the nanometer level, the interaction between structure and temperature, water, ions, and chemical reactions can form precise motions, and mastering the mechanical properties of such organisms is the so-called nanotechnology."

"Cells can sense non-molecular cues, such as mechanical signals, electrical signals and vibrations, or make changes based on the temperature or chemical conditions of their environment, and respond to these cues using DNA.

"It can be a genetic or non-genetic response."

"For example, strong pulling forces on the cell surface can be transmitted all the way into the nucleus and deform it, which in general causes a mechanical reorganization of the DNA within the nucleus, perhaps with the end result being increased expression or repression of specific proteins."

"The morphology of the nucleus, its mechanical properties, its connections to other components of the cell, and the reorganization of DNA within the nucleus are all part of the active computing power in the cell."

He picked up a syringe, pointed to the faint green solution in the syringe, and said, "The green inside is actually a kind of green algae, which is also one of the components of nanorobots."

"Your eyes, you can only see the solution, but where your eyes can't see, there are thousands of tiny green algae, and they are paddling hard."

"This single-celled organism has two hair-like arms of actin filaments, also known as flagella. Hair-like actin is also present in the human body, in fact, they are ubiquitous."

"In the environment of the human body at 37 degrees Celsius, water molecules can move very fast, about 600 meters per second, and actin will continue to be hit by water molecules in water, which is called Brownian motion or thermal motion, resulting in It keeps oscillating and moving forward, just like the warm current in the sea. The egg can descend from the fallopian tube because of the liquid flow made by actin."

"This synchronized, coordinated movement of the flagella in the green algae allows it to move through the water, like a breaststroke stroke."

"We took advantage of this property to create nanorobots that can paddle through blood and body fluids."

"The algal surface was first modified with azide N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester, and then coupled to dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-modified neutrophil membrane-coated polymer nanoparticles by click chemistry, such that A nanorobot with locomotion and drug-carrying capabilities is formed."

"Finally, the nanoparticles are loaded with antibiotic drug molecules, and when the nanorobots swim to the infection site, they release the antibiotic molecules and kill the bacteria, thereby achieving an effective therapeutic effect."

"As a doctor, you should know that there are actually many effective drugs in clinical practice, but they cannot treat diseases well. One of the important reasons is that the drugs cannot accurately reach the lesion and release the drugs in a targeted manner."

"Drugs enter the body through oral administration or intravenous infusion. In the process of reaching the lesion, they will pass through many barriers and most of them will be metabolized. This is equivalent to systemic medication, which has caused serious side effects and poor therapeutic effects. .”

"And our nano-pills can flow autonomously in the human body, find the lesion, and then release the drug to achieve the effect of precision medicine. In this way, not only the time for the drug to take effect can be improved very quickly, but also the required dose can be reduced. The dose of the drug is reduced thousands of times."

Hearing these words, Director Cui was shocked. He stared at the light green tube in Xue Kun's hand, with a look of anticipation in his eyes.

"If the effect you said can be achieved, then only a small part of antibiotics is needed to achieve the therapeutic effect, and the abuse of antibiotics will no longer be a problem." Director Cui couldn't help muttering to himself.

Xue Kun put the syringe back into the box and added: "This injection needs to be refrigerated for use, because algae will keep moving under the influence of water molecules at room temperature, and only at low temperatures of 0-4 degrees Celsius will they maintain low activity."

"At the same time, it also needs to be injected into the chest cavity. It only needs to inject the antibiotic directly into the lung fluid, and it can quickly take effect."

"We used this nanopill to treat acute lung infection in a 14-day animal experiment."

"Experiments have proved that the nanorobots have shown extremely strong movement and drug-loading capabilities in the lung fluid of mice. After 1 hour of exercise, 95% of the algae are still alive and evenly distributed, and have not been swallowed up by immune cells. Reflects fairly good adaptability, as well as the ability to sustain release drug therapy."

"We also compared the effect of nanobots with conventional intravenous therapy. At the same dose of drug, it was significantly better than intravenous administration. In fact, the intravenous dose would have to be 3,000 times higher than the dose loaded onto the nanopellet to be able to perform in small doses. achieve the same effect in mice."

"Furthermore, the toxicity of the nanopills is negligible because both the nanoparticles and the algae are naturally degraded in the body and excreted after one to two days."

Director Cui nodded repeatedly, couldn't help picking up another syringe, his eyes lit up, he couldn't put it down.

However, he didn't dare to look at it too much, for fear that the temperature would rise after a long time, which would affect the activity of the nano-algae.

After only looking at it for a dozen seconds, he put it back again and closed the box carefully.

"By the way, after listening to what you said before, what is your major? It shouldn't be chemistry and biology, right?" he asked casually.

Xue Kun nodded: "Actually, I am a Ph.D. in physics, and those who study nanotechnology are basically physicists. As for medicine and chemistry, I must have a good understanding, but I am mainly self-taught in this regard."

"Wow!" Director Cui was shocked again: "You can be so strong just by self-study."

Xue Kun chuckled, and said modestly: "The main reason is that Sanqing has a sufficient experimental and academic environment, which allows us to learn by ourselves."

As soon as he talked about the professional content, Xue Kun seemed unable to stop, and continued to talk about nanotechnology-related content.

"I don't know if you have seen some sci-fi movies. In these sci-fi movies, nanorobots are a group of tiny robots, with batteries, chips and other electronic devices, and a metal shell. In fact, nanorobots in reality Not at all."

Director Cui nodded quickly, with a smile on his face: "That's right, I've seen a sci-fi movie, but I don't remember if it's a movie or an animation. Anyway, there is a team of miniature doctors in it. In the blood of a wounded diplomat."

"Although the blood fluctuations caused by every heartbeat of the diplomat put the submarine on the verge of overturning at any time, and the immune cells of the human body also attack the submarine as an enemy, but the heroic protagonists can still manipulate the submarine to save themselves from danger in the blood. Finally eliminate the thrombus."

"When I watched this film, it was quite interesting. I really imagined nanorobots as robots similar to the Terminator, but now that I saw Sanqing's nanopills, I realized that I was thinking too much."

Director Cui touched the stubble on his chin, and said with some embarrassment.

Xue Kun laughed and said: "Actually, with the most sophisticated machining technology of human beings, it is still impossible to manufacture traditional robots that swim in the human body."

"So the materials used by nanorobots are all kinds of high molecular polymers, proteins and DNA molecules, but they have special structures and functions through physical and chemical methods."

"In the medical field, in addition to drug delivery functions such as nano-pills, nano-robots can also be used for disease monitoring and vascular tissue imaging, which is very versatile. In theory, nano-robots can treat all diseases in the future."

"It's just that the current nano-robots are in the first generation. They only have engines and fuel, but they don't have a brain yet. They cannot be intelligentized through chips and programming. Therefore, they are still in a very primitive stage. Perhaps it is more appropriate to call them nano-motors. "

"Wait until the second generation of nanorobots will be assembled directly from atoms or molecules and be able to perform complex tasks at the nanoscale."

"The third-generation nano-robots are more powerful, and will include artificial intelligence and nano-computers, which belong to a kind of smart device."

Director Cui couldn't help but widen his eyes again, with a look of disbelief mixed with a trace of leisurely fascination.

"I don't know how far technology has developed before such nano-robots will appear."

In the end, he patted his thigh and said, "If there are such nano-robots, we doctors may lose their jobs. Hahaha."

Suddenly, there was a soft knock on the door.

"Director, the patient's family members have signed and everything is ready." The nurse knocked on the door and shouted.

"Here we come. Dr. Xue and I will be there soon." Director Cui got up quickly and walked towards the door.

"Indeed, after talking for a long time, it's time to treat illnesses and save people. It's a mule or a horse, so I have to pull it out for a walk."

Xue Kun drank the last trace of nervousness in his heart along with the water in the glass.

He picked up the box and followed closely behind.