Imperial Master of the Ming Dynasty

Jiang Xinghuo is very busy.

I am really busy. I have finished delivering the high-end astronomical telescopes in the glass series at noon, and I have to go to Daming Administrative School in the afternoon.

In the glass series, different styles of glass mirrors currently on the market are of course the main sales force. Magnifying glasses are for the elderly, while glass prisms used to artificially create rainbows are purely popular science products plus children's toys. As for astronomical telescopes , it is a one-of-a-kind luxury product that costs money to look up at the stars.

This is the truth in the world. Sunshine is free, but cooling under the sun is charged. Water is free, but pollution-free water is charged. The starry sky is free, but the clear starry sky is charged.

Don't tell me anything else, I'm just asking you, how can I raise an evil dragon without spending money?

"Do you two want to go together?"

Looking at Gao Xunzhi and Cao Duan, Jiang Xinghuo asked.

"It's all here."

Cao Duan's schedule was unplanned, and he couldn't figure out the philosophical issues. He obviously needed to find some inspiration elsewhere.

"Then go." Gao Xunzhi was also ready to give himself a day off.

So, several people came to the newly founded Daming Administrative School.

Because there is currently a relative shortage of diplomatic personnel from the Ministry of Rites' diplomatic missions abroad and professional managers of the Ming Dynasty Bank, the main source of enrollment for the Ming Dynasty Administrative School is still from officials who have entered the official service and scholars with meritorious titles.

Officials undergo training ranging from one to two months to half a year before entering relevant professional positions in diplomacy, banking, etc. Scholars with a good reputation follow the "three-partition method", which requires at least three years of on-campus study. To graduate.

Similar to the Sanshe method in the Song Dynasty, upper-class students (approximately equivalent to senior students) in the Ming Dynasty Administrative School can be directly awarded official positions after they report to the court based on their accumulated test scores and their usual academic performance and conduct; middle-class students can be directly awarded official positions; You can be exempted from the preliminary examinations in the first few rounds of the imperial examination and directly participate in the final palace examination; lower-class students (including some internal students and individual external students with extremely good grades) can obtain "resolution", that is, those who are selected as scholars and should be admitted to the imperial examination. Qualifications, and you can also stay in school to teach, serve as a student, or a student. It is roughly equivalent to the positions of assistant lecturers and instructors in universities in later generations.

In the future, with the deepening of the reform process, it is obvious that more professional departments will be established, and the demand for relevant professional officials will also increase, not just limited to the current diplomacy and banking.

Therefore, schools have different requirements for the curriculum focus of the two teaching modes of training and training. Training focuses more on professional knowledge, while training focuses more on general knowledge.

Administrative school students in Ming Dynasty who followed the "Three-shelter Method" mainly studied administrative management, administrative law, organization, etc., and these things were never available in Ming Dynasty.

So the people Jiang Xinghuo was going to lecture today were actually not the students of Daming Administrative School, but the teachers.

Students must enroll at the same time as Qiu Wei.

Well, it's not that I can have a chance with Qiu Wei, but I want to pick up some "defective products" that are not planning to take the imperial examination.

Well, although it sounds cruel to say it, the fact is that newly established things, even if they take shortcuts, are still questioned.

The simplest thing is, if I am a candidate and I am confident that I will be a Jinshi in the imperial examination, why should I come to your school and waste at least three or four years? I can just fail the test.

After all, in this school, you will have to become a top student before you can directly participate in the palace examination. As for the chances of elimination in the middle, the Song Dynasty has provided enough reference samples.

So since there is no one-stop exam, for students who are good enough, it is better to just follow the old path.

There is no way, the concept is here.

Regardless of whether it is "Being a farmer in the morning and ascending to the emperor's hall in the evening" or "The book has its own golden house, its own beauty is like jade", what is encouraged is to follow the "right path" of the imperial examination.

Regardless of whether they are officials or eunuchs, the "gold content" of seniority in the officialdom cannot be compared with the imperial examination.

This is just like an adult self-taught undergraduate degree and a full-time undergraduate degree. Theoretically they seem to be the same, but in people's minds, can they be the same?

I can seriously take the college entrance examination, so why bother?

This concept can only be slowly changed through the development of the times. If the government's policies are too tilted, firstly, it will cause huge dissatisfaction. Secondly, it will easily be self-defeating and cause unnecessary pressure.

So Jiang Xinghuo felt that there was nothing wrong with being like this now, just take it slow.

Anyway, he should live for a long time.

Once every three years, what will the officialdom of the Ming Dynasty look like in fifteen, thirty, or even sixty years?

Because of this, the words he inscribed on the plaque of the Ming Dynasty Administrative School are "It takes ten years to cultivate trees, and a hundred years to cultivate people."

"Today I will teach you the fourth lesson of administrative management, administrative decision-making."

Jiang Xinghuo held the podium, and the people below were all teachers from the Ming Dynasty School of Administration.

"Now turn to the lesson plan."

Because each person had one copy of the lesson plan and there was nothing extra, Jiang Xinghuo threw his lesson plan directly to Gao Xunzhi and Cao Duan, while he kept talking in vain.

This is the confidence that comes from teachers in nationally outstanding universities.

"Look at the teaching objectives of the lesson 'Administrative Decision-making'. Come on, stop hiding. It's just you, stand up and read it."

When everyone was pretending to look down at the lesson plan, Jiang Xinghuo directly nodded the one with the lowest head.

"National Master, I didn't hide. My eyesight is not good."

"The eyes are not good enough to match the eyes"

Um?

Jiang Xinghuo's words suddenly stopped. He suddenly realized that he seemed to have forgotten something while selling glass products.

There was no way, he himself was not short-sighted, and there was no such thing as glasses in this era, so he actually forgot about his glasses for a while, maybe it was because of the darkness under the light.

In fact, the relatively primitive and backward glasses were introduced to China via the West in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and quickly became popular. Tian Yiheng, Wanli of the Ming Dynasty, wrote in the second volume of "Liu Qing Rizha" "叆叇": "Every time I read an article, my eyesight improves. When he was faint and tired, he couldn't read the fine writing, so he covered his eyes with it. His energy was not scattered, and his strokes were clear and clear. He connected them with silk in the middle and tied them behind his head. No one recognized them, so he held them up to ask questions. I said: "This is a bad thing." , the "叏叇" here is the original name of the original Western glasses.

In the early years of Chongzhen, Sun Yunqiu, an eyeglass expert who wrote "History of Mirrors", used mechanical principles to invent and create a lens grinding machine - a tuo car, which was turned by pedals and used mineral sand, white mud and brick dust. He used abrasives or polishing materials to grind the lenses into convex and concave lenses to meet the refractive needs of the eyes. Finally, he mastered the lens grinding technology and used natural crystal stones to grind the lenses. He also mastered the optometry technology. According to people's age and different vision, we have developed presbyopic, myopic, farsighted and other varieties as well as lenses of various luminosity, and compiled a set of original optometry methods of "following the eye to the mirror" for eye examination and matching.

It can only be said that the Chinese people have never been short of intelligence. Perhaps what these "Sun Yunqiu" lack is just society's respect for skills and knowledge.

This is why Jiang Xinghuo is already studying and promoting the creation of patent laws, and gradually pushing the treatment of craftsmen in the entire military industry system (Ordnance Bureau + Warfare Bureau) to the handicraft workshops run by the royal family.

It's just that changing the law requires arguing with the Three Justices. Li Zhigang's case has not been decided yet, but the war in Annan may not be over for a while. After all, Li Jinglong has not launched a landing yet, so it doesn't matter. Extremely anxious.

In fact, the first industrial revolution was driven by the brilliant ideas of countless skilled craftsmen.

Therefore, this kind of atmosphere must be cultivated.

Remembering to add glasses to the glass products later, Jiang Xinghuo said to the attendant: "Get him a magnifying glass."

You see, you can't even imagine the happiness of a big man. He doesn't have to do it himself to find things, or else he has to go to the toilet himself.

“The teaching objectives of administrative decision-making are threefold.”

“First, through the combination of case teaching and conceptual teaching, students can accurately understand the meaning, type and significance of administrative decision-making.”

"Second, let students accurately distinguish the differences between the three decision-making models of bounded rational decision-making, incremental decision-making, and mixed decision-making."

"Third, complete scenario simulation assignments through group discussions, and understand students' learning status through grading assignments."

Jiang Xinghuo nodded and said:

"When you teach students from now on, ask people to get up after a while to answer questions. Don't keep talking yourself."

"Why?" The future teachers below are basically young teachers who have been transferred from county-level education institutions in various places, so some of them really dare to ask.

"You will know later."

Jiang Xinghuo knocked on the table and continued: "I'll take you through it briefly first. I'll only teach it once and remember it all."

Hearing this, the future teachers immediately became silent, and even their expressions became a little more solemn.

Everyone knows that listening to the Imperial Master's lectures is usually a treatment that only emperors and princes receive. Now that you have this opportunity, you must cherish it.

Apart from anything else, wouldn't the titles of "disciple of the national master" and "disciple of the banished immortal" be visible to others just by speaking out in the future?

"The first teaching goal."

“What is an executive decision?”

It was written on the lesson plan, but Jiang Xinghuo still insisted on looking at the non-existent lesson plan on the table in front of him and read it again.

Emperor's New Clothes? The national teacher’s lesson plan?

No, it's not a ritual, it's purely an occupational disease.

“Administrative decision-making refers to the process in which officials or officials with administrative decision-making power make choices or decisions from a variety of possible administrative plans in order to effectively achieve administrative goals.”

"There are three main types: empirical decision-making and non-empirical decision-making; procedural decision-making and non-procedural decision-making; determined decision-making, risky decision-making and uncertain decision-making."

Jiang Xinghuo raised his head and nodded at another student.

"Procedural decision-making and non-procedural decision-making have the same meaning."

"Programmed decision-making, also known as routine decision-making or repetitive decision-making, refers to the type of decision-making in which the problem solved by the decision-making is repeated. The problem of programmed decision-making occurs many times, so a set of routine procedures can be developed as a solution. Whenever a problem like this arises, follow this routine to resolve it."

Gao Xuzhi frowned in the audience.

The so-called experience, procedures, and determination. Although these things were not so clear in the administrative process of the Ming Dynasty bureaucrats in the past, and no one divided them, they are not actually complicated things. In Gao Xunzhi's view, Jiang Xinghuo Although the teaching process of the school has standardized various administrative steps and can be called creative, it actually does not change anything. On the contrary, it complicates simple problems.

What's the use of having to make a bunch of definitions?

So what if these people learn it?

However, Cao Duan, who was sitting next to him, had a different experience because he had never been an official and had a different perspective.

Cao Duan just felt that standardizing things and making everything orderly was in line with the aesthetics of "Logic".

Yes, things should not be "everyone knows that this is how they usually are", but "everyone knows that this is the prescribed logic and rules for doing things".

However, Jiang Xinghuo's next words actually made Gao Xunzhi a little more interested.

"Okay, the concept is over."

"Everyone should know that these concepts are necessary, but concepts alone can only let you understand the surface, and they have no effect in helping you understand the essence of knowledge."

"Let's talk about cases next. You should be able to see that in the column of cases, the words: Omitted."

"Looking at the history of China for thousands of years, we should be able to draw out an "Administrative History" from all dynasties with administrative organizations. There are many wonderful cases in it, because there are so many There are so many, so wonderful things that I can’t consider and filter them. This version only includes a ‘brief’, and what I want to tell you today may be different from some of the things you have in mind.”

"The case we are talking about today is Cai Jing Pharmaceutical."

"We all know that since the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi's reputation has not been very good. Literati and scholars generally criticize that 'the Northern Song Dynasty died due to Wang Anshi's reform'. I wrote several editorials analyzing this in Ming Pao with my signature. I think it’s very clear, so I won’t go into details here.”

In the administrative school, it is of course inevitable to talk about temple-related topics, and "Ming Pao" is the main public opinion guidance tool. After the "Fengtian Palace Debate", the meeting minutes and related follow-up articles drafted by Xia Yuanji are naturally One after another was published.

Why Wang Anshi's reform failed, what lessons can be learned from the failure, and how Ming's Yongle New Deal can be successful. These further explanations by Jiang Xinghuo based on what he said at Fengtian Temple are all very systematic.

What we are talking about today is obviously a pioneering statement that has never been publicly published in Ming Pao before. This naturally makes everyone who is near the water tower excited.

"But no matter how you criticize Wang Anshi, generally speaking, you only criticize the matter and not the person. At least the most common view is that although some of Wang Anshi's reform measures were overdrafting the national power of the Northern Song Dynasty and caused a lot of bad effects among the people, this public and private He has no fault in virtue and serves the country wholeheartedly.”

"But Cai Jing, who partially inherited Wang Anshi's reform ideas and his temple sect, is generally defined as a 'treacherous prime minister', a villain, and a clown on the stage."

Is this to overturn Cai Jing's verdict?

Gao Xunzhi thought to himself, but it didn't seem like it. In his opinion, although he didn't quite agree with Jiang Xinghuo's political views, he still quite recognized Jiang Xinghuo's moral integrity and academic stance. For Wang Anshi, Jiang Xinghuo was able to give an objective and fair historical evaluation, and did not praise Wang Anshi because he also wanted to carry out reforms. At this time, it was impossible to praise Cai Jing, who was far inferior to Wang Anshi in all aspects.

Of course, if you want to use Xunzi's "Sage King Theory" to criticize Zhu Di, there is no way to do it. It doesn't cost anything to do so.

"Cai Jing's new policy has an important policy, and it is also the most controversial policy, and that is medical support."

"Is anyone familiar with this history?"

All the teachers in the audience looked at each other in confusion. They all signed up voluntarily from the grassroots academic administration yamen in various prefectures and counties. Most of them felt that there was really no future in staying in the backcountry, and the Daming Administrative School was the yamen in Beijing. Moreover, it is under the supervision of the National Teacher personally, so there is more room for development. It is also part of the academic and administrative system and has professional counterparts.

But if you want to say how powerful these people are, that's not necessarily true.

Because in Ming Dynasty, although academic administration is an out-and-out good job, it refers to someone who can be the chief and deputy examiner in higher-level examinations such as palace examinations and government examinations. However, for the grassroots level, this is not the case. .

So those who work as academic officials at the grassroots level, well, their level may not be that high. Those who have high level in the imperial examination will become administrative officials. Although the level of the imperial examination is not comprehensive, in this era it obviously reflects a person's learning ability. The most standard reference benchmark.

Seeing that no one answered, Cao Duan thought for a while, stood up and answered.

"When I was looking through the history books and notes, I heard something about it."

Seeing Cao Duan, who has recently become famous in the capital for his three-debate contest of "Wangba, Yili, Ancient and Modern", on the stage, no one felt that it was strange. Although Cao Duan was dismayed by the "Into Oracle" column in "Ming Pao" Some were slapped in the face, but being able to get on this stage, coupled with his outstanding performance, already proved Cao Duan's ability.

"After Cai Jing came to power, he intended to re-introduce new laws. In terms of relief, he began to combine the methods of Wang Anshi and others, and planned to establish residential homes, Anjiyuan, Luzeyuan, etc. throughout the Northern Song Dynasty. Because Cai Jing was in charge of the Ministry of Households at the time, So if you have money, you dare to do things.”

That is to say, residential care homes are similar to today's nursing homes, mainly housing the elderly and disabled people who have no one to take care of them; Anjiyuan is similar to today's hospitals, but they only provide medical assistance to the poor; Luzeyuan is to help The death wanderer's burial institution is somewhat similar to Yizhuang.

Sounds good, right? Cai Jing is really a kind person.

At that time, under the promotion of the central government, local governments began to build Anjiyuan on a large scale. Since Cai Jing still used the ideas of Wang Anshi's reform, just like in the past, officials who did well in the Qingmiao Law would be promoted, but if they did not, they would be demoted. Similarly, Cai Jing also plays this way. The central government has a KPI for the implementation of the policy of social relief. At the end of each year, in the assessment of local government officials, officials who implement the new policy of relief will receive verbal commendations from the emperor and subsequent promotions. , transfer and other aspects of preferential treatment.

Therefore, because the central government attaches great importance to it, local governments have invested considerable manpower and material resources in this aspect.

Well, that's right, our iron-blooded Song Dynasty has once again reproduced the scene since the Qingli New Deal, Xining Reform and other reforms.

What should I do if there is no one to live in the nursing home after it is built? The county magistrate personally went out with three squads of government officials to catch old people and disabled people and stuff them in.

What should I do if there are no dead homeless people buried in Luze Garden? Then

And the most outrageous thing is that even though Cai Jing built a hospital, he also decided to build a pharmacy.

Of course, this also has tradition.

When Wang Anshi carried out his political reform, the New Party believed that most private pharmacies would raise drug prices at will, making it more difficult for people to seek medical treatment. Therefore, Wang Anshi simply took matters into his own hands and established a state-run pharmacy "pharmacy selling office" to sell medicinal materials at a price lower than the market price. .

Well, the consequences are all imaginable. After a series of not too complicated profit transfers, private drugstore monopolies have appeared again, and countless century-old stores that have been operating since the days of Gaolianghe Car Gods have gone bankrupt.

Cai Jing's medicine not only inherited Wang Anshi's ideas, but also made major changes.

Cai Jing not only wants to open his own pharmacy, but also train his own doctors and establish a standardized prescription system.

As early as the time when Gaolianghe was the god of chariots, the Northern Song Dynasty court produced "Taiping Shenghui Prescriptions" and wanted to make an encyclopedia-style medical book. Cai Jing simply trained doctors in the Imperial College, and then graduated according to different examination levels. Arrange to go to state-owned pharmacies and relevant local medical institutions.

"Now that we understand the process of Cai Jing Medicine, it is not easy to come up with a sentence based on our definition of administrative decision-making."

"The administrative decision-making of medicine in the late Northern Song Dynasty was made by Cai Jing, who had administrative decision-making power. In order to effectively realize his administrative goal of inheriting and carrying forward Wang Anshi's reforms while striving to benefit the country and the people, Cai Jing made choices or decisions from a variety of possible medical administrative plans. process."

"Judging from the final result, we all know that Cai Jing's administrative decision was wrong, and it was very wrong."

"But why was he wrong? Where was the mistake? Or what specific step was the mistake? I guess everyone doesn't understand."

"It doesn't matter, continue reading the lesson plan."

Jiang Xinghuo turned a page on the podium.

Gao Xunzhi, whose expression gradually became serious, was sharing lesson plans with Cao Duan.

Gao Xunzhi was shocked to see that the next page read

——Three different administrative decision-making models based on three types of administrative decision-making, namely bounded rational decision-making model, progressive decision-making model, and mixed decision-making model.

“This is the answer to the problem of Cai Jing Pharmaceutical’s failure.”

Jiang Xinghuo looked at the teachers under the podium, then at Gao Xunzhi, and asked: "Gao Taichang, you have been an official for so many years. I want to ask you, when you make an administrative decision, what is the first thing that comes to your mind?" What comes to mind?"

Gao Xunzhi hesitated for a moment, but finally responded sincerely: "Choose."

"Yes."

Jiang Xinghuo nodded and said: "The essence of administrative decision-making is trade-offs. We cannot pursue a perfect decision-making result. Sometimes, even satisfaction is a luxury. There is another point that must be paid attention to in administrative decision-making, and that is... In most cases, policy formulation is essentially based on the actual situation and is some kind of revision of past policies."

"Then we will continue these theories and analyze carefully where Cai Jing failed. If you were a medical decision-maker, what would you do? This is the purpose of cultivating students through teaching. Reading lesson plans is just means."

Everyone in the audience was shocked for a moment, what the hell, how can they be trained to become prime ministers?