Imperial Master of the Ming Dynasty

Inside Fengtian Hall.

Zhu Di looked at the post in his hand, his thick black eyebrows knitted together.

"What's going on? Did you do it on your own initiative?"

Zhu Di's reaction is not surprising at all. There are only two possibilities for what Jin Yiwei can't find out. One is that the person who did it is really secretive and organized, and the other is that Jin Yiwei did it.

But this time Zhu Di wrongly accused Ji Gang. Ji Gang really caught a few people, but unfortunately they were all single-track, and the clues were broken as soon as they were caught.

Ji Gang lowered his head and said hurriedly: "Your Majesty, please calm down! I have been investigating with all my strength. I have arrested a few people and have determined that the exposed post was secretly fanned by the remnant party! They..."

Snapped--

Zhu Di slapped the unveiling note in his hand on the Long case, interrupted Ji Gang's words, and roared angrily: "Bastard! Didn't I ask you to pull out the mud with the radish attached? It's been so long since the Baozhao case was concluded. Can’t we find out the remnants of the party hiding in the gutter? Are they going to cause trouble before I go north? Is this a demonstration against me?”

Ji Gang's body trembled, and cold sweat broke out on his forehead.

He knew very well that the emperor's recent irritability and bloodlust could no longer be restrained. He was unlucky this time, but he still said bravely: "Your Majesty, give me some time! Three days! Three days!"

Zhu Di's face was as gloomy as water, and he said: "If the case cannot be concluded in three days, you can bring it up yourself."

Ji Gang hurriedly knelt on the ground and said in fear: "I understand! It's just your Majesty, I think..."

Zhu Di frowned and asked, "What do you think?"

Ji Gang said: "I believe that there is no storm without fire. The remaining party is small and cannot make any waves in normal times. The crux of the problem is still in the temple."

"You mean, rectifying the administration of officials?" Zhu Di asked.

Ji Gang nodded hurriedly and continued: "That's right! The old Jianwen ministers in the court have always been dissatisfied with His Majesty's New Deal. I think that if they are allowed to continue to make trouble, the situation of the New Deal will be very worrying."

Ji Gang was able to say these words not because of his good relationship with Jiang Xinghuo or how high his consciousness was, but purely out of self-interest considerations. As the emperor's vicious dog, if there is no one to bite, then he has to think about it. I thought about whether I was going to be stewed into dog meat hot pot.

After hearing this, Zhu Di didn't say anything. He narrowed his eyes and thought for a moment, and then said, "Okay! I understand, please step back."

Hearing this, Ji Gang breathed a sigh of relief, respectfully said goodbye and left.

After walking out of Fengtian Hall, he wiped the cold sweat from his forehead. What he said just now was considered a desperate remonstrance. Although there was no response in the end, at least the emperor was not angry on the spot. This was considered good news that he expected, but he remembered that the emperor asked him to He couldn't help but smile bitterly after three days of solving the case.

Baozhao's remnants of gangsters have already established a single line of contact. Even if they are caught, there is no way to follow the vine. The vine will be broken immediately, let alone dragging down a net directly.

Therefore, it is absolutely impossible to really solve the case in three days, and no one can do it.

What the emperor wants is an explanation, an explanation made with human heads.

Ji Gang knew very well that once a case was deeply involved, it would be difficult to completely settle it even with the power of the imperial power. But who would have thought that the emperor would actually want to go to jail because of this. This is exactly the same as his father.

Ji Gang shook his head and left quickly.

In Fengtian Hall, Zhu Di sat on the dragon chair and fell into deep thought.

Ji Gang's suggestion was certainly pertinent, but Zhu Di considered more than just that.

Among the four major Hongwu cases, the Hu Weiyong case, the Kongyin case, the Guo Huan case, and the Lan Yu case, which one didn't result in rivers of blood and heads? But no matter whether it was through killing people, or relying on the Metropolitan Procuratorate and the Imperial Guards, they were unable to bring all these corrupt officials to justice. What his father Zhu Yuanzhang could not do, he relied on the power in his hands to completely It is impossible to completely clear up these administrative problems in the temple. The so-called cleaning up the administrative affairs is just a temporary clean-up that he hopes Jiang Xinghuo can do, but he has never mentioned these words to others. After all, this involves the thoughts of the king of his country.

Zhu Di sighed and rubbed his temples, looking exhausted.

After Lao Zhu's death, he fought bloody battles to ascend the throne and proclaim himself emperor. After two years of hard work, the Ming Dynasty finally managed to regain its former glory. But just when he thought he was getting closer and closer to his dream goal of peace and harmony for all people in the world. As we got closer, something like this suddenly happened, which suddenly broke the wonderful illusion.

Zhu Di, there is still a long way to go.

"But this is fine."

The remaining remnants of Bao Zhao had been hiding for a year, and finally jumped out, trying to fish in troubled waters before the army marched north, disrupting the court, and trying to overthrow his empire and allow Emperor Jianwen to make a comeback.

They are dreaming!

Zhu Di's eyes became sharp, he would never let these rats succeed.

"Call the Imperial Master to me."

Soon, Jiang Xinghuo rushed over.

Jiang Xinghuo seemed very calm in the face of the unexpected incident. After confirming that it was not Zhu Di or his close ministers who hinted that Jin Yiwei did it, he had basically predicted Zhu Di's reaction.

As an emperor who is not so sensitive to words and allusions, Zhu Di should not be able to fully understand the allusions or historical plots contained in the post. For example, it is a good story that Zhou Gong assisted the king, but putting it here is an allusion to Jiang. The irony that Xinghuo will usurp the throne as regent in the future is another example of the Jiang family of Lu. "The surname is Jiang. After Emperor Yan, he was granted the title of prince during the Yuxia period, or Boyi. Zuo Yu had meritorious service and was granted the title of Lu." In short, there are many scholars in this post. Zhu Di is basically indifferent to Lin Wenren's jokes that make him smile knowingly.

This also resulted in the destructive power of this post being significantly less for Zhu Di. Even if someone translated it for him, the translated message would definitely not be the same as what he had learned.

Therefore, Jiang Xinghuo believes that Zhu Di's intuitive understanding of this is that this is a simple anonymous letter used to express dissatisfaction with the implementation of strict laws and rectification of officialdom.

In fact, it is true that the reason why Zhu Di became a pressure monster for Ji Gang was purely because Zhu Di was in a bad mood recently, not entirely because of the revelation.

"What does the Imperial Master think should be done about this matter?"

Zhu Di was as straightforward as ever.

Now his mind is full of things like "going home" and "killing the Mongols", and he is no longer too concerned about government affairs.

As long as the imperial court can run smoothly within the existing reform framework and Jiang Xinghuo can continuously bring him money to build Beijing and conquer the Mongols in the north, other things will not matter.

What if we delegate some power to Jiang Xinghuo?

Zhu Di's biggest experience in ascending to the throne is that he who has strong soldiers and horses will be the king.

In this world, whoever has the biggest fist is the boss.

As long as Jiang Xinghuo does not touch the red line of military power, no matter how powerful he is in the temple, Zhu Di thinks that it is just a matter of changing hands to deal with it.

After all, Hu Weiyong back then was really a party member of the whole dynasty. He was much more terrifying than Jiang Xinghuo, a weak party in the temple. At that time, in the Ming Dynasty, uninformed people really thought that the surname was Hu. Woolen cloth.

But what is the result?

Zhu Yuanzhang, who firmly held military power, gave an order to directly uproot Hu Weiyong's party, leaving no one behind.

Therefore, Zhu Di's attitude is not difficult to understand.

And no matter how you look at it, Jiang Xinghuo is still the weak side now, and his power is still very weak. Zhu Di has no reason to do irrational things to Jiang Xinghuo who is completely under control and can help him make money through reform.

Therefore, cooperation between monarch and ministers has always been maintained.

Zhu Di also knew very well that Jiang Xinghuo was indeed different from other courtiers. Jiang Xinghuo was not loyal to him, but to the whole of China. Jiang Xinghuo was not afraid of death. He was just afraid that he would not be able to lead China to avoid the suffering he saw.

Since the two sides still maintain a high degree of cooperation and mutual trust, the effect of this unveiling post can be said to be close to zero.

After Jiang Xinghuo confirmed this, he revealed his plan.

"Hu Yan is not guilty. After investigation, I hope that Your Majesty will release Hu Yan, and then in the Imperial College, representatives of all parties' opinions will be selected on the issues of official style, social style, and academic style. As for how to choose, you can also make it public by submitting articles. The exchange was published in Ming Pao to warm up."

"Where is this unveiling?"

“Grasp the fundamentals and these details will no longer matter.”

Jiang Xinghuo's attitude towards unveiling the post was the same as Ji Gang's.

Revealing a post is just an emergency, and it is a way of fanning the flames. The root cause is the flames caused by different opinions. As long as the flames are extinguished, no matter how much you fan the flames next to you, what can you do?

If the remaining party members are exposed, just catch them slowly.

The key issue now is that the general trend of history and the torrent of the times have pushed everyone to this point involuntarily. The conflict between the old and the new ideas will inevitably lead to conflicts. This is the objective law of the world. It's not what human beings can do.

When faced with a problem, the best way is to solve it.

Jiang Xinghuo had no intention of escaping, so the best way at this time was to release Hu Yan and then have discussions and exchanges in unofficial settings.

These ideological conflicts are not suitable for quarreling in the court, because it is different from the Fengtian Palace debate on whether to lift the maritime ban and whether to abolish the "emphasis on agriculture and suppression of business". The most important thing is to rectify the administration of officials, which is a matter of correct principle, and there is nothing to do in the temple. What needs to be debated is what is correct and what is wrong in the entire Ming Dynasty, from the temples to the marketplace. Officials are just the introduction to the top.

"Inside the Imperial Academy? Then go directly in front of the statue of Saint Kong and call Kong Xilu over."

Zhu Di had no respect for Confucius. He just regarded Confucianism as a chess piece. Use it if it is useful and throw it away if it is not. It has no impact at all on an ambitious emperor like him. What he needs is It is stability. As for whose theory should be used to govern the country, what is the difference between Legalism, Taoism, and Confucianism?

"It's just that if public opinion reverses this matter, I'm afraid it won't be easy to deal with."

Zhu Di narrowed his eyes slightly and his expression changed.

It's not that he thinks Jiang Xinghuo can't do this, but at this juncture, he can't let anything happen, otherwise it will delay Bei Zheng. If he had his way, he would actually let the Jinyi Guards go out to arrest people, and then suppress them, and just pretend that nothing happened. It doesn't matter what public opinion says.

Of course, this is also a way, and it is safer and less shameful.

Jiang Xinghuo's countermeasures are not completely guaranteed to be successful.

Once the quarrel cannot be won, most officials in the DPRK will be more or less damaged in the process of rectifying the administration, which will inevitably lead to turmoil.

Moreover, various forces inside and outside the capital are now intertwined. Once there is turmoil, too many interests will inevitably be involved. If it cannot be handled properly, the consequences, if not unimaginable, can be said to be another mess.

Of course, even if the argument really fails and causes greater turmoil, Zhu Di can actually be sure of the truth.

Since he came to the throne, Zhu Di has never stopped purging the court, but the effect is not very obvious. If he is forced to have no choice, he can only restart the killing mode that has been in Jianwen for four years. Anyway, Zhu Di will never mind splattering blood and killing chickens to scare monkeys. !

"Tack it head-on first. If that doesn't work, Your Majesty will take action."

Jiang Xinghuo went out to fight, but Zhu Di couldn't help but dampen his enthusiasm. After thinking for a moment, he finally made a decision.

"Then it's just like what the National Master said, but the people who speak in Ming Pao must be limited to those who have good reputations. The National Master can decide the specific criteria."

"yes."

——————

Hu Yan was quickly returned to the Imperial College.

Facts have proved that Jiang Xinghuo's measures are very decisive and effective.

As Hu Yan, the center of the whirlpool, began to attract a storm of public opinion, Nanjing's local scholars, officials at court, nearly ten thousand scholars in the Imperial College, and foreign candidates who went to Beijing to take the exam all focused their attention on the person who was about to take the exam. "Friendly exchanges" in front of the statue of Saint Confucius in the Imperial College.

However, the attention paid to the publication of "On Zhou Gong Fu Zheng Shu", or its own popularity, began to gradually decline.

This is also what Jiang Xinghuo thinks is the solution to this kind of "demon book case".

The best way to deal with rumors is to face them directly. Yes means yes, no means no. Don't talk about useless things. Cold treatment is only temporarily useful. If you really shut people's mouths, you can only seal the coffin with one hand.

After the news spread, the people who came to contribute to "Ming Pao" were like carps crossing the river. But not everyone's articles can be published in the newspaper. An unknown person cannot be an opinion leader. This is not the time for a genius to make a name for himself. , but to allow different viewpoints and factions to unify their opinions.

Therefore, only a few people with representative abilities were able to publish their views.

The views were very sharp, and the melon-eaters enjoyed reading them. Ming Pao was out of stock several times, and more copies were printed. The printing office of the Imperial College was almost full of smoke.

Night falls, the moon is bright and the stars are few.

In the second-floor lounge of a restaurant on a street in the southeast of the capital, a man who looked like a scholar was sitting at the table leisurely sipping tea. He was wearing a gray shirt. He had an ordinary appearance and dark skin. If you didn't look carefully, he would look like a man. I couldn't recognize him as a foreigner at all.

Next to him, there were several obvious foreigners sitting.

Yes, foreigners also have small circles in Ming Dynasty.

Recently, among the princes of the Ryukyu Kingdom and the Luzon Kingdom, a heavyweight has entered, the former King of Annan, Hu Hancang.

This was just after the New Year. Hu Hancang's father went to study classics and history, and his brother went to make cannons. He had nothing to do every day and couldn't run around, so Hu Hancang asked the emperor to give him something to do, but What can Hu Hancang do? After pondering his abilities, Zhu Di decided to send him to the Imperial College to study. Anyway, a major source of students in the Imperial College was foreign students.

The Ming Dynasty in this era is so domineering. In the Ming Dynasty, you don't care about the kings and princes of other countries. They are all treated equally. In the Ming Dynasty, they are all nothing. Just stay here and study the Chinese culture seriously and that's it.

Hu Hancang is not young anymore. If you ask him to learn, he won't learn anything. There is still a psychological gap from an emperor to an international student. However, the campus environment makes Hu Hancang feel at ease and no longer panicked. Throughout the day, I even made a few "friends."

Well, that is Lu Gong, He Duanzhi and Li Jie.

"Ahem."

It was not for nothing that He Duanzhi studied abroad for ten years. At this time, he took "Ming Pao" and read the articles published by Hu Yan under his real name, acting as a translator.

"Husband Taizu, Emperor Gao, first established the law. The laws and orders were changed three times and then completed. The official system was established in his later years. At that time, famous ministers and assistants worked together to plan and calculate the situation. The pros and cons were judged! Although the later generations were clever and ingenious, they should not It can be surpassed!"

"Furthermore, the sages of Emperor Taizu and Emperor Gao still followed the actions of the mediocre people, so now the mediocre people want to change what the sages and sages built. Isn't it contrary to that?"

Lu Gong stumbled and asked: "Jesse, Sen, Yixi?"

Li Jie patiently translated it for him in vernacular: "It means that Emperor Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty was very powerful. The current system was formulated by him in his later years with the help of famous ministers. He has weighed the pros and cons for a long time. Later people Even if there is any exquisite wisdom, it is unlikely to surpass him, and even a person as powerful as Emperor Hongwu must follow the rules of the officialdom to formulate rules. Now mediocre people cannot surpass Emperor Hongwu and want to change Emperor Hongwu's system. Isn’t it ridiculous?”

Later, Hu Yan quoted from classics and said a lot. In short, it is necessary to rectify the administration of officials, but we must be cautious, and we must be wary of the spread of the profit-seeking trend that now pervades the people and temples. We must attach great importance to it and resolutely resist it. Only in this way can we maintain the foundation of our traditional culture of rituals and music and the foundation of Neo-Confucianism and morality.

Hu Yan’s views basically represent the knee-jerk reaction of the great scholars in academia when the New Economic Deal inevitably invades social life.

This just proves that the New Economic Deal, which lasted for more than a year, has a pervasive impact on the entire Ming Dynasty society.

While the New Economic Deal has brought tangible fiscal revenue to the national treasury, the trend of mercantilism is also affecting all aspects of society. For example, the market economy has begun to glow with new vitality, and some farmers have begun to leave the land and choose to enter factories and workshops. To work part-time, the civil society in big cities in the Ming Dynasty became increasingly prosperous.

Reflected in cultural life, it includes people's acceptance of new things and the reflection of ideological changes under new economic policy conditions. The most obvious example of this is the love story that advocates breaking through traditional ethics, especially among businessmen. Story themes based on the elopement of a daughter and a scholar began to appear in large numbers in the Nanjing script market starting from the first year of Yongle.

It can only be said that the situation in Jiang Xinghuo's previous life in the mid-Ming Dynasty has begun to unfold in advance.

In fact, the gradual recovery of the economy will inevitably bring about this situation. The development of the commodity economy and the rise of market culture will inevitably lead to men and women beginning to pursue free love and individual liberation. This is exactly in line with the mainstream ideological circles of Neo-Confucianism and Wei The Taoist priests insisted on contradicting the traditional moral society and were destined to be criticized and suppressed by the gentry class, but they also reflected the emerging citizen culture and individualistic trends in Ming society.

So, can we say that the moralists are all old antiques and very stupid?

You can't say that either.

The butt determines the head. The original logic is that "the gentry class is the ruling class of the Ming Dynasty, so the gentry class requires a cultural atmosphere that is conducive to social stability." The Neo-Confucian moral model represented by the "Three Guidelines and Five Constant Rules" is undoubtedly the best choose.

Therefore, what appears to be a confrontation between traditional Neo-Confucian moral standards and individualistic trends is, in essence, a contest between an open commodity economy and a conservative agricultural economy.

This is the logic of the world's style, and the same logic is true of the style of study and the style of officials.

In essence, it was a contest between the commodity economy led by the reform and the traditional farming economy of the Ming Dynasty, extending from the economic field to the cultural field.

The rectification of official administration and the so-called court style of officialdom only started to arise because they were at the top of social architecture.

In other words, from the most profound perspective, the reform has entered the economic field from the political field at the beginning, and finally began to penetrate into the cultural field.

After translating, Lu Gong probably understood. He nodded, feeling that what Hu Jijiu said made sense.

You can't expect a Luzon student who doesn't know anything about the Ming Dynasty to have a deep understanding of the Ming Dynasty's thoughts.

In fact, in Lu Gong's eyes, the current Ming Dynasty is an existence that is simply incomprehensible.

Lu Gong has fully accepted the setting that he is a "barbarian".

Because an obvious truth is that in Luzon, there are no schools with tens of thousands of people, no various schools of thought, and no chaotic ideological trends.

Compared with the Ming Dynasty, which often quotes stories from hundreds or thousands of years ago, the history of the tribes in Luzon is as ridiculous as the history of the orangutan group picking bananas in the forest.

Therefore, people who do not have the ability to have independent opinions and judgments can easily be led astray by views that seem reasonable, but actually have some truth.

And if an article with an opposite view, solid arguments, and sufficient evidence appears in front of him at this time, I am afraid he will be equally shaken.

At this moment, Hu Hancang, who was drinking tea at the side, asked, "What did the Imperial Master say?"

He Duanzhi, who was holding the newspaper, fell into silence.

He turned over the Ming Pao in his hand.

"Wow~"

He turned over it again.

After repeated confirmation, He Duanzhi raised his head.

"I haven't said it yet."

This kind of curiosity is aroused but not satisfied. Just watching a person get angry without seeing the person being scolded opposite is scolded back. This scene is undoubtedly very sad for the people who eat melons.

For this reason, the four foreign melon eaters made a decision that was not surprising after a brief exchange.

They decided to go directly to the printing office of the Imperial College and stay overnight.

——"Ming Pao" was printed from here.

So this is the zeroth news channel, fidelity and speed.

But obviously, there are a lot of smart people in the world.

When four foreign students who enjoy the privilege of returning home late (they often say that Nanjing is too prosperous and much larger than their hometown, they get lost), the Imperial College officials on duty usually use pity to signal them to go back and rest early. ) When I returned to the Imperial College from outside, I found that the printing office was surrounded by people.

Just as in Jiang Xinghuo's previous life, there were always energetic college students queuing up early in the morning to grab new phones and new shoes. In order to get the first piece of "Ming Pao" information, these eunuch students from the Imperial Academy also started at the printing office in order to get the first piece of "Ming Pao" information as quickly as possible. Make the floor.

In the first month of the year, the floor is paved.

It can only be said that young people are still full of energy.

For this reason, the four foreign students, all of whom were not very young, retreated shamefully after discussing for a while.

However, they still saw the latest Ming Pao in time before the rooster crows the next day.

On the front page, Jiang Xinghuo also surfed under his real name.

"The emperor Taizu Gao divinely ruled the sky, and the longitude and latitude were the same. The six ministers imitated the Xia Dynasty, and Gonggu Shaozhou was modeled on the scale of the Han ancestor. It is appropriate to establish a government based on the people, adopt the modern approach to the 19th, and refer to the ancient times for the 11th, and it is not in vain."

"That is to say, it is like organizing merchants and setting up salt officials, which is the legacy of Sang and Kong ①; discussing suspension and solution, and establishing the year pattern ②, then Cui Liang is selected and removed; two taxes and three limits ③ are also Yang Yan's land tax; Baojia Huma, Jing If justice is used to select scholars, then the new method of Anshi is also like this, which is not exhaustive."

"etc!"

This time, not only Lu Gong was completely confused, but also Hu Hancang, who thought his Chinese proficiency was good.

What is this?

I know all the words, but what do they mean when combined together?

Li Jie put circles and numbers on everything he didn't understand. The numbers were Arabic numerals newly implemented in the past two years.

He Duanzhi silently picked up the dictionary at hand, which was a reference book used to look up allusions.

Well, in modern terms, it's called "Geng Encyclopedia".

"Sang and Kong are the joint names of Sang Hongyang and Kong Zhi, the famous financial managers of the Han Dynasty."

"The seniority system is a system for selecting officials created by Cui Liang of the Northern Wei Dynasty. It does not ask about the virtuous and foolish, but only takes seniority as the criterion for recruitment. "Book of Wei Cui Liang's Biography" records: Liang Naizou used the system as a system and did not ask about the virtuousness of the officials. Foolishness, specializes in stopping the sun and the moon as a break. Although he needs to be reinstated, he will not be able to stop the sun in the end. He is mediocre and inferior, and those who have been with the years will use it first, and those who are sluggish will say they are capable."

"The Two Taxes Law is a new tax law proposed by Prime Minister Yang Yan in the first year of Jianzhong in the Tang Dezong era. It changed the rent and tax law that mainly collected grain, cloth and other physical goods to mainly collect money, and levied taxes twice a year. "

After the Chinese-to-Chinese translation was completed, the reading comprehension of the four foreign students continued.

"It is true that the so-called bad government of the previous generations is used today, but it is to reap the effects of wealth and strength, and to build the cause of peace. Therefore, if you use it well, the mediocre method can have the same effect as the sage, and what is more, it comes from the sage. Really! Therefore, there is no better king than the great emperor Taizu Gao."

He Duanzhi briefly translated it for Lu Gong: "So the bad government in the eyes of people in the past will have good results today. The key to the problem is not (the mediocrity and sage of people mentioned by Hu Yan) but whether it is correct." Proper use of these policies can achieve the same effect as the sages, so Emperor Hongwu did a good job in this regard, and he must learn from Emperor Hongwu (also carry out new policies)."

The content in brackets is He Duanzhi's own addition. Jiang Xinghuo didn't say it clearly in the newspaper, but that's what he meant.

Lao Zhu has passed away several years ago, but his influence still plays an important role.

Lao Zhu buried in Zhongshan can't speak, so as long as you agree with him, even if you use some rhetoric skills, he calls it "good at critically capturing the essence of the governance policies of past dynasties and making choices based on the actual situation of the Ming Dynasty." Well, long and difficult sentences always scare people.

In short, this is Jiang Xinghuo's consistent thinking.

——Xunzi's "Queen of Dharma".

This was his idea when Xiaoling refuted Wang Jing in front of him.

"Father King" is an unreserved worship of ancient sages and regards their words and deeds as the standard for judging right and wrong and the guideline for conduct.

"The Queen of Laws" refers to those who believe in the emergence of new theories, new thinking, and the establishment of regulations and systems that are different from those of previous generations under the conditions that history and reality have developed and changed.

Jiang Xinghuo held up the sacred tablet of Emperor Taizu and Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang to pave the way for today's ideological conflict. This is the same reason that Tie Xuan used Lao Zhu's tablet to block the Yan army's attack in Dezhou.

Come on, shoot at me, you are shooting at the shield of Lao Zhu.

Your Grandpa Zhu is not afraid of you scholar-bureaucrats.