In the Song Dynasty, there was no law or order.

Everyone arrived outside the Guanjia Hall and chatted casually for a while.

After about two quarters of an hour, Zhao Jun had almost rested and had lunch, and was helped over by Fan Zhongyan, Yan Shu and the others.

Still following the previous script, the two of them chatted and ate with Zhao Jun first. After everyone was seated there, they said that everyone had just finished their work and now came to the entrance of the village to bask in the sun, and invited Zhao Jun to sit with them.

Zhao Jun naturally agreed happily. His eyes had recovered and he already had expectations in his heart. He wanted to take off the eye gauze tomorrow. At the last moment, he naturally wanted to continue to be familiar with everyone.

Soon Zhao Jun was helped to the front of everyone, "Teacher Zhao is here."

"Teacher, come sit here."

"Okay, okay, thank you, thank you."

Zhao Jun thanked him repeatedly and sat next to Zhao Zhen and Lu Yijian.

They chatted for a while and talked about some family stories. After more than ten minutes, they started to get down to business.

"In fact, whether it is a feudal society or a modern society, the essence is the same. They are all trying to compete for the overall wealth of the society. When the wealth of the society is divided up by a small group of people, a big reshuffle is needed."

As Lu Yijian took the lead in asking what the nature of ancient and modern countries was, Zhao Jun quickly gave an answer after thinking for a while.

Lu Yijian asked: "What is the overall wealth of society?"

Zhao Jun said: "Simply put, the value output obtained through productivity is the overall wealth of society."

"What about productivity?"

Lu Yijian was puzzled.

In fact, these days Zhao Jun often says a lot of words that they don't understand. Many times they don't dare to ask or speak, for fear of being exposed.

But now, there are some things that I can boldly ask.

Because Zhao Jun's eyes have healed, he can basically take off the veil in these two days, and before he takes off the veil, everything he said is true, so naturally he must take advantage of these two days to take off the most important and The most critical information is extracted.

Zhao Jun was quite surprised when he heard Lu Yijian's question, but he thought that this was a mountain village deep in the Daliang Mountains. Except for the party secretary and the head of the village, the others were ordinary farmers. It was normal for him to have little research on these things.

So he said: "The so-called productivity is the ability to transform nature formed by the combination of people with the ability to work and the means of production. It can also be said to be the value-producing ability of labor. For example, in the earliest primitive society, human beings Obtaining food through planting, hunting, gathering, fishing, etc., these abilities are productivity.”

"Can you tell me more about it?"

Wang Zeng couldn't help but ask.

Zhao Jun said: "It's very simple. Let's take the process from ancient people to modern people as an example. In the earliest primitive society, how did people obtain food?"

"Didn't you just say that? Planting, hunting, gathering, fishing?"

"Yes, but the cultivation at that time was a slash-and-burn method, and hunting was done with stones and stone spears. Gathering was done by hand, and fishing was often done with bare hands. So do you think this was more productive? Did you get a lot of food?"

"Naturally not much."

Wang Zeng replied without hesitation that if he used stones as weapons and fished with bare hands, he would starve to death.

Zhao Jun smiled and said: "That's it. Their productivity is not high and their population is very small. So they must find ways to increase productivity, such as making farm tools, weaving fishing nets, and finding rice, millet, millet, wheat, bean sprouts, and millet. Waiting for plants to be cultivated so that people can have more food.”

"After there was more food, the population of primitive tribes also experienced explosive growth. Maybe there were only a few dozen people in the tribe at the beginning, but through these methods, hundreds or even thousands of people could be fed. Finally, the tribes gathered and slowly A country was formed.”

"This period is positioned in our historical circles as the Neolithic Age seven or eight thousand years ago. At this time, ancient society widely used tools made of stone. By cultivating fields, our ancestors' farming footprints can be seen in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin."

"About four to five thousand years ago, clans and tribes in the Yellow River, Yangtze River basins, and even parts of the Pearl River basin had generally formed a comprehensive economy based on primitive planting, as well as livestock raising, gathering, fishing and hunting, which greatly improved Grain production capacity.”

"And it was at that time that production tools were improved again. The Neolithic Age gradually passed, and the use of Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age appeared, which made production more efficient and the total wealth of society began to grow."

"At the same time, the first ancestors of Chinese humanities such as Huangdi, Chiyou, and Yandi were also born in this period. Afterwards, Huangdi, Chiyou, and Yandi competed in the Central Plains and attacked each other. In the end, Huangdi became the winner, and the Chinese nation multiplied on both sides of the Yellow River and created a splendid civilization. , and the population has been greatly increased again.”

Zhao Jun looked around, his blindfolded eyes seemed to be looking at everyone. He did not give a direct answer, but raised his finger and said: "Then the question is, why did the population increase during that period? Huang Di, Chi You, Why did Emperor Yan and others fight at that time?"

“Because productivity has increased, more people can be fed by making agricultural tools, weaving fishing nets, changing planting methods, animal husbandry, collecting, fishing and hunting, etc. And why they fight is because they need to compete for the total wealth of society! "

Zhao Zhen looked at everyone and almost blurted out.

"Bingo, that's right."

Zhao Jun smiled and said: "Wazha Muguo, I didn't expect you to be so smart. I thought you were an idler before. It seems that I wrongly blamed you."

Zhao Zhen rolled his eyes.

Zhao Jun continued: "During the primitive society, resources were limited and productivity was also limited. Although productivity was improved, as the population increased, resources became insufficient. Each tribe needed more land for farming, more hunting grounds for hunting, and more When fishing in rivers, two tribes naturally have to fight over each other in order to compete for living space.”

"Then after the country was unified, dynasties collapsed. Is it because the population was increasing and the land was gradually running out, leading to continuous uprisings?"

Fan Zhongyan asked.

Zhao Jun said: "This is a good question. I can only answer yes or no."

"Yes and no?"

Everyone was wondering, what kind of answer is this?

Zhao Jun explained: "Since the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the original tribal form of primitive society has slowly evolved. The system has gradually become civilized. After productivity has increased, people have more time to think and summarize. For example, the invention Words created music, clothing began to diversify, and people began to pursue a better life.”

"It was during this period that the enfeoffment system came into being. During the Xia Dynasty, the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system. The "family world" began, and clan relations became the basic political relations. In the Shang Dynasty, there were prime ministers, ministers, etc. in the center to be in charge of government affairs; The local feudal lords and uncles paid tribute to the Shang king regularly and were ordered to conquer. "

"People began to be divided into three, six or nine levels in terms of status. From the lowest slaves, to ordinary citizens, to the feudal lords, ministers, princes, kings, and finally to the emperor of Shang and Zhou Dynasty, each level is like a pyramid. Step by step, to satisfy the desire for power of the superior.”

"And why did the Shang Dynasty replace the Xia Dynasty, and why did the Zhou Dynasty replace the Shang Dynasty? Here are two other knowledge points - productivity determines production relations and production relations react on productivity."

"At the end of the Xia Dynasty, the national power was already very weak. The Shang tribe where Shang Tang was located gradually became stronger at that time, annexing other tribes everywhere, and became a large vassal state in terms of area and strength. Compared with the tribe where the Xia Dynasty was located, He is strong enough and able to dominate the world.”

"But at this period, Shang Tang was still not sure. It wasn't until Xia Jie committed suicide and everyone betrayed his relatives that Shang Tang launched an army to attack the Xia Dynasty. After a series of wars and events, he finally succeeded in defeating Xia Jie and established The Shang Dynasty."

"The same example as Shang Tang is the Zhou Dynasty. During the periods of King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou, the Kingdom of Zhou continued to annex small vassal states in all directions and grew stronger. By the time it officially attacked the Shang Dynasty, the Kingdom of Zhou had "two out of three parts of the world" and its national power was very strong. ”

"So what do you think of through these two examples?"

Just like teaching students, Zhao Jun just gave a case every time, and everyone was left to think about the results of the analysis.

Everyone present was smart. Zhao Zhen quickly said: "It's because Chengtang and Ji Chang are strong."

"good."

Zhao Jun nodded: "Because the localities are strong and the central government is weak, this is the disadvantage of the feudal system. If a local prince develops national strength and improves productivity, he will attack the central government. The productivity determines the status relationship between the two parties. Xia Ruoshang If Shang is weak and Zhou Qiang is strong, he will eventually be replaced.”

"In the same way, in the era when Xia was strong and Shang was weak, and Shang was strong and Zhou was weak, their production relationship was that Xia and Shang were the monarchs, and Shang and Zhou were ministers. The ministers had to pay tribute to the monarch and enshrine what they produced. The more ministers are, the more they are. If there are more, the monarch will receive more tributes, and the monarch’s national power will be stronger. This is the reaction of production relations on productivity. "

"So the Zhou Dynasty divided the world into feudal states, and during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it gradually entered the Iron Age. Each feudal state improved its productivity through various methods, such as Qi State through Guan Zhong's reforms, Qin State through Shang Yang's Reform, etc., all by changing production relations, Increase productivity and make your country stronger.”

"After a country became strong, it had the desire to expand externally. From the Spring and Autumn Period, there were dozens of vassal states to the Warring States Period, where there were only seven. This was the result of annexing each other and robbing each other of social wealth. People, land, and minerals in that era all became The resources that can be fought for were finally unified and the Qin State was established. "

"Qin Shihuang was a man with lofty ideals. He ended the feudal system, started the system of counties and counties, and increased centralization of power. This was to change the production relations again, turning the original vassal states into counties and counties, and the powerful princes and kings into the imperial court Appointed officials, bringing the country together.”

"The Qin State at this time was very powerful. The application of iron tools gave the Qin State strong productivity. Through centralization of power, it was difficult for vassal states like Shang, Zhou, and Qin to appear in the local area, thus solving the problem of local vassals developing productivity. Something about overthrowing a dynasty.”

"If Qin Shihuang adopts a policy of recuperation at this time, no longer burdens the people, and allows the war situation to be restored as soon as possible, or if he dies less hastily and allows his successor to ascend the throne smoothly, then there will probably be no problems with the Han Dynasty in the future."

"But it's a pity that there is no if. Later Liu Bang, the founder of the Han Dynasty, and Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, obviously did not understand the logic of this. They blatantly reversed history and changed the original system of counties and counties to a system of enfeoffment, enfeoffing a large number of themselves. descendants."

"Although Liu Bang's enfeoffment was due to political and military needs in the early Western Han Dynasty, he had no choice but to combine counties and feudal states in parallel. However, in his later years, he did not think of ways to reduce the power of each feudal state and increase the centralization of power, which still laid a lot of groundwork. Hidden danger.”

"The result was that vassal states spread all over the country, triggering the Seven Kings Rebellion. Wu King Liu Bi boiled salt and minted coins in his fiefdom, and relied on Wu's wealth to try to change the production relations again."

"Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty and his son Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were sensible people. Through two generations, they continued to cut down the vassals, reduce the power of the princes and kings, and continue to increase the central power. They further completed what Qin Shihuang had done back then, which can be regarded as a wipe-out for Liu Bang. butt."

"The later enfeoffment in the Western Jin Dynasty, the Jiedu envoys in the Tang Dynasty, and the enfeoffment of vassal kings in the early Ming Dynasty were all based on the same principle, which also triggered the Eight Kings Rebellion, the Anshi Rebellion and Zhu Di's Rebellion."

"So do you understand now?"

Zhao Jun asked.

Lu Yijian frowned and said, "You mean to say that the dynasty fell because local forces were strong and wanted to gain greater power? But this seems to be contrary to the previous statement that Huang Emperor, Yan Emperor, and Chi You were fighting."

"It doesn't violate it."

Zhao Jun said: "You have only considered one aspect, but productivity determines production relations and the competition for total social wealth can sum up everything. When the princes and kings increased their productivity, they wanted to seize more population, land and power. This is different from just now There is no conflict at all. The only difference is that the princes and kings take the initiative when they become stronger, while the rebels resist passively. "

"What do you mean by this?"

Fan Zhongyan asked.

"This is about the end of the Western Han Dynasty and the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty."

Zhao Jun said: "The collapse of the previous dynasties was due to the increase in productivity of local forces who wanted to change the production relations with the monarchy. But in the late Western Han Dynasty, it was because of the decline in productivity, which had a reaction on production relations, thus triggering the collapse of dynasties The mouth is a little dry, please give me some water."

Zhao Zhen winked at Wang Shouzhong behind him. Wang Shouzhong understood and immediately poured a cup of tea and brought it over. Zhao Jun liked drinking tea. When he was a child in the countryside, his grandfather liked to pick wild tea leaves in the mountains. Once he boiled it, he would make a big pot. Very thirst quenching.

Everyone watched him finish the drink, wiped his mouth, and then asked: "Where did I just say?"

"When it comes to the decline in productivity in the late Western Han Dynasty, it has a reaction on production relations."

"Yes."

Zhao Jun said: "Then why is productivity declining?"

Everyone was silent.

Faced with Zhao Jun's question, no one spoke.

Because everyone knows it.

Someone had already given the answer to this question as early as the late Western Han Dynasty.

Da Sikong Shidan proposed that "all famous fields should exceed thirty hectares" and "there should be two hundred slaves and maidservants of princes and kings, one hundred princes and princesses, and thirty marquis and officials and civilians in Guan Nei. After the three-year period, the offender will not be admitted to the official position."

That is to say, land is limited and slaves are limited.

but.

what's the function?

Still could not prevent the fall of the Western Han Dynasty.

So everyone here knows about "land annexation".

But everyone can't bring it up.

Because they are the ones with vested interests, even Fan Zhongyan owns hundreds of acres of farmland and bought thousands of acres of good land in his hometown.

here.

Everyone is a landlord!