Into Unscientific

As a posterity.

When he saw the group of discharge tubes in front of him, Xu Yun couldn't help feeling a sense of witnessing history.

Low pressure gas discharge tube.

This can be said to be the enlightenment device for human beings to really touch the microcosm. In addition, it has a relatively standardized name in concept.

That is.

Low pressure gas tubes.

Of course.

The concept of the electron tube has not yet been born, and it will not appear until 1904.

At that time, Wheat's student John Ambrose Fleming made his debut and invented the famous electronic diode.

Then in 1906, De Forest invented the triode.

Then there are point-contact transistors, semiconductor triodes, p-n diodes, and glow tubes.

Wait until 2022, when Xu Yun traveled through time.

The experimental device of gas discharge has been optimized to a limit at the laboratory level.

For example, SMD1206 representing the package ceiling, YINT representing the extreme value of performance, and GDT representing the peak value of surge absorption capacity, etc.

Don't talk about ordinary gas discharge tubes at that time.

Even Nixie tubes have been eliminated for a long time, and have become a small category with a slight collection value.

You can buy a good glow clock for hundreds of dollars on a certain treasure—but you have to check whether it is a glow or a pseudo-glow before placing an order. It’s actually pretty good to buy one if you have the conditions interesting.

all in all.

Compared with 2022.

The experimental equipment that Faraday and the others prepared this time is undoubtedly extremely simple.

But on the other hand.

Simple, but not shabby.

most of the time.

History has ushered in a certain critical node in this so-called "dogs can't look down on" conditions in later generations, thus opening a new chapter.

The line of sight returns to reality.

After everything is ready.

Faraday put on his gloves and brought Xu Yun and others to the side of the equipment, ready to start.

Pumping mercury.

The suction outlet of the modified version of the Gessler tube or the anti-inflammatory tube is set in the middle of the test tube, which roughly looks like a small opening, and then connected to the outside with a hose.

The operation process is to use the external pressure valve to extract the mercury in the tube.

Once all the mercury is extracted and the magnetic circuit of the armature in the external relay is closed, a vacuum of one hundred thousandth can be achieved. (A reader left a message asking if there are any related books. Here are two recommended books, "Gas Discharge" by Mr. Yang Jinji, and "High Voltage Insulation Technology" by Mr. Yan Zhang)

Faraday then gestured to Kirchhoff, who hurried to the other side of the table.

Then

Holding a handle more than half a meter long, he began to fuck it like a shaker.

That's right.

This coolie-like operation was the most effective way to extract a vacuum in 1850.

no way.

Time is limited.

There are many ways to extract vacuum in later generations, such as mechanical pumps, molecular pumps, ion pumps and so on.

Like a better ion pump, it can reach a vacuum of about 10^-12mbar.

However, the equipment in 1850 was not as fully mechanized as later generations. Before 1870, there were only two ways to extract vacuum:

Reciprocating vacuum pump or oil-sealed rotary vacuum pump.

The principle of the former is to use the piston in the pump chamber to do reciprocating motion, and the pump chamber is driven by manpower to inhale, compress and discharge the gas.

Therefore, it is also called a piston vacuum pump.

The oil-sealed rotary vacuum pump is a rotary variable displacement vacuum pump that uses oil to seal the gap between the moving parts and reduce the harmful space.

Relatively speaking, the efficiency of the latter is higher.

However, the oil-sealed rotary vacuum pump needs to use a gas ballast device, and the preparation and operation links are relatively complicated, so Faraday still chose a reciprocating vacuum pump this time.

"Hey, hey!"

Seeing Kirchhoff turning the handle like a fitter twisting a screw, Xu Yun suddenly thought of Brother Donkey in Lao Su's dungeon

anyway.

When I returned to reality, the female donkey bought from Wuzhou Mountain was about to be sent to school.

At that time, it will be able to squeeze Keke, and the labor used will be an extra head.

so good.

that's all.

About five minutes passed.

Kirchhoff stopped what he was doing, panted and wiped the sweat from his forehead, and said to Faraday:

"Professor, the mercury has been pumped out, and the barometer is always showing normal."

Faraday nodded and said:

"Thank you, Gustav."

Then he signaled Riemann to put down the curtains to block out all the light.

He himself walked to the left side of the table, fumbled for a moment, and pressed a certain power switch.

soon.

As the power is turned on, the external coil begins to discharge, the voltage at the two poles of the discharge tube begins to increase, and an electromotive force appears in the tube.

And in the microcosm that cannot be seen by the naked eye.

Countless electrons emitted from the cathode move toward the anode under the action of an electric field.

They encounter residual air molecules in the middle of the gap, and after a series of collisions, a large number of new electrons and positive and negative ions are generated.

Due to the high speed of electron movement, a large number of electrons are concentrated in the front of the forward direction.

The positive ions stay at the back, and form a collection of electrons and positive ions in the tube—this collection has a name in later generations, called electron avalanche.

at the same time.

There are also a large number of ions that have undergone other changes:

They recombine in the tube to form normal gas atoms.

Students who were ions in their previous life should know.

The so-called ion recombination actually refers to the process of returning electrons to positive ions.

when the electron returns to the atom.

It emits the energy it carries in the form of light.

As the electron avalanche moves toward the anode, it becomes increasingly populated with electrons and positive ions.

On the one hand, this changes the electric field distribution in the discharge gap, and at the same time makes the charge in the avalanche head and avalanche weaken the electric field inside the electron avalanche, making the recombination effect stronger.

The recombination of electrons and positive ions will generate a large number of photons, and the photons will act on the gas at the rear, causing electric field ionization of these gases.

Then a second electron avalanche and a third electron avalanche are produced.

The head and tail of each electron avalanche develop towards the anode and cathode respectively, and finally connect into one piece.

until

piu——

With a small voice.

A complete ionized gas channel is formed, and the gas gap in the tube is broken down.

Also don't forget.

Faraday had previously filled the tube with mercury, a very volatile substance.

Although they have all been extracted from the perspective of the naked eye, Kirchhoff is not the elder of the Soul Palace after all, so some mercury still remains on the tube wall.

Under the stimulation of voltage, they quickly form mercury vapor.

then

A blue-white light appeared in the tube, making people think of mio's blue-white bowl unconsciously.

This is a light effect unique to mercury. If it is replaced with sodium, it will appear yellowish white.

See this situation.

Faraday couldn't help but leaned down, staring at the blue and white light in the coffin.

I don't know whether I am lamenting the time, or admiring the magic of Xiao Yan Pavilion, I just heard this old man who is close to sixty years old murmur:

"It's been 12 years."

be honest.

Compared with the 6% vacuum tube 12 years ago, the imaging of the Xiaoyan tube today is indeed much clearer.

Faraday didn't even need a magnifying glass to see that there were several areas of different brightness, which were distributed sequentially from the cathode to the anode.

"one two three."

Faraday counted carefully, turned to look at Xu Yun, and asked:

"Student Luo Feng, there are six light and dark areas in total?"

Xu Yun once said that 'Fat Fish' did not succeed in this experiment, so he spread his hands at him simply and neatly:

"I can't make it."

Faraday gave him a meaningful look, but did not speak.

Then he called Weber and others to his side and recorded the phenomenon.

From an observation point of view.

Glow discharge is undoubtedly one of the more characteristic gas discharge phenomena.

When it happens, the entire space in the arc gap is discharging, and the temperature will not be too high. What restricts the observation is actually a degree of vacuum.

The higher the vacuum degree, the easier it is for the glow discharge to occur, and the phenomenon is clearer.

The condition of a vacuum of one hundred thousandth, even if it is delayed by a hundred years, can be considered passable in 1950.

Therefore, Faraday and others can observe while making written records very freely.

"Gustav, remember it."

".From the cathode, the first thing that appears is an extremely short dark area, which is slightly visible to the naked eye. Detailed observation requires the assistance of a magnifying glass."

"The second area is close to the first layer, with moderate brightness and can be observed by the naked eye"

"The third piece glows faintly"

"The fourth area has a clear boundary, the luminescence is strongest on the boundary line, and then gradually weakens"

"The fifth block represents the transition region, which is the original Faraday dark region."

Fala first observed and narrated, his tone slightly trembling.

Although I have already made some psychological preparations, I can roughly guess that the experimental phenomenon will be more impactful.

But now seeing the six well-arranged areas, he still couldn't help but feel a surge of complicated emotions in his heart.

12 years ago, he really thought that there was only a Faraday dark area in the Nixie tube

He is like a fisherman who has a good harvest during the fish season and catches an eel in a certain beach.

He could roughly guess that there might be more eels in the sea in that direction, but he saw the cuttlefish school in another direction, so he gave up here.

Unexpectedly, with the improvement of precision, let alone the "deep sea" behind the light.

Even near the Faraday Dark Zone, which he thought was "that's all", there are actually a lot of wild big yellow croakers buried.

And the other side.

Looking at Faraday and others frantically recording the phenomenon, Xu Yun's expression remained relatively calm.

He has done glow experiments more than once in later generations, and he is still familiar with the phenomenon itself.

And actually.

The area that appears during glow discharge is not six, but seven or eight. .

The first of these is called the Aston dark zone, which is a very thin layer of dark space in front of the cathode.

in the original history.

It wasn't until 1968 that F.W. Aston discovered it experimentally.

In this region, electrons have just left the cathode, and the flight distance is still short.

They don't get enough energy from the electric field to excite the gas atoms, so they don't emit light.

Next to Aston's dark zone is the cathode glow zone.

Since the electrons have passed through the Aston dark area, they have enough energy to excite the atoms, so when the cathode glow area returns to the ground state, this area will emit light.

Behind them are Crooks dark area, negative glow area, Faraday area and positive glow column area.

As for the last area not discovered by Faraday?

It is actually a general term for the two small areas, called the anode glow area and the anode dark area.

The conditions for the formation of these two small areas are relatively high, and they only appear when the current drawn by the anode is greater than the current that the plasma area can normally provide.

Therefore, they are generally not regarded as common areas in discharge phenomena.

Among all the above areas, the most important one is the Zhenghui Pillar Area.

The concentration of electrons and ions in this area is about 10^15 to 10^16/m, and the concentration of the two is equal, so it is called plasma.

Actually.

This part of the area is dispensable for the glow phenomenon itself, and in short discharge tubes the positive column area may even disappear.

But in the field of derivatives, this thing is not good:

Cutting-edge science and technology such as plasma coating, plasma etching, plasma physics, nuclear fusion, plasma propulsion, and electromagnetic fluid power generation in modern microelectronics technology are all related to it

At the same time, the connection between these technologies and the Zhenghuizhu District is not a trivial matter, but one of the solid basic research supports.

Of course.

At present, Faraday and others don't know how much impact these areas will have in the future-they haven't even discovered the seventh area yet.

Influenced by the vision of the times.

They are completely unaware of what they have done, and how difficult it is to make the college entrance examination more than a hundred years later in this era

After recording the relevant data.

Faraday, Gauss and Weber discussed and analyzed the phenomenon on the spot.

I saw Weber's eyes fixed on the vacuum tube, one of the famous unlucky ones in the history of physics showed his keen judgment at this time:

"The first dark area is much darker than the third dark area, and it is still much darker than Faraday's dark area."

"But the electromotive force is obviously applied to this area, which means that the strength of the hardware equipment and the 'field' are the same."

"Then there may be only one reason for the dark area."

Speaking of which.

Weber couldn't help raising his head, looked at Faraday and Gauss, and said in unison:

"energy!"

Xu Yun on the side heard the words, his eyes narrowed incredulously.

The core reason for the appearance of dark areas in glow discharge is that the excitation is small—if the special case of the cathode dark area is set aside, the other three dark areas can be said to be less ionized.

The reason why these charged particles are not excited is because the energy of electrons is very low.

Just like the eight and a half branches, the area where it hits is the bright area, and the area where it comes out to store power is the dark area.

Although there is still a thousand miles between energy and particle excitation.

But with today's scientific cognition, it is really remarkable that Weber and others can think of the level of energy.

Of course.

In addition to the abilities of Weber and others themselves, a large part of this is due to Mavericks:

It is precisely because he proposed the rudimentary theory of wave-particle duality that later generations like Weber can conjecture more freely.

Then Faraday and others measured and recorded the test tube, and then began a more important link.

Detect the nature of this ray.

First, Faraday walked to the side of the test tube and pressed a certain switch.

With the activation of the switch.

A small circular piece of wood that had been attached to the inner side of the tube wall was put down, blocking the light path of the light.

And as the light path was blocked, within a few seconds, a clear shadow appeared on the right side of the test tube.

Seeing this, Faraday nodded slightly.

The left side of the test tube is the cathode and the right side is the anode.

Add a small object between the two, and the shadow appears on the right, which shows one thing:

Rays originate from the cathode.

Think here.

Faraday couldn't help looking at Xu Yun, and asked:

"Student Luo Feng, did Mr. Fat Yu name this beam of light?"

Xu Yun shook his head:

"No."

Seeing that Faraday pondered for a moment, he looked at Gauss and Weber again, and said after deliberation:

"In this case, let's call it cathode rays first."

Xu Yun was worried that Faraday would say some coquettish names, such as Aurora Jiba, but he was relieved after hearing cathode rays.

As for the inertia of history, or the term that Faraday just thought of

This is not something Xu Yun is capable of understanding.

all in all.

After confirming that the source of the light is the cathode.

Faraday's expression suddenly straightened, and his expression instantly became serious.

His left hand behind him even trembled a few times in an extremely subtle way, but no one noticed this scene.

Then he turned around with a serious face and said to Kirchhoff:

"Gustav, add the outside field."