Into Unscientific

The performance of the unknown rays in the refraction link made the atmosphere in the laboratory a little dull and vaguely depressing.

But soon.

There was excitement and fighting spirit in the eyes of Faraday, Gauss and others:

As pinnacle scholars standing at the top of their respective fields, they have encountered countless abnormal situations in their lives.

Don't say anything else.

Let's take the example of the glow phenomenon that Radi encountered 12 years ago.

If it weren't for Xu Yun's point this time, Faraday might not know the truth until his death.

There are simply too many similar examples, and it can be said that they can be encountered once every few days.

So for Gauss, Webb and Farah the third person.

What they are afraid of is not the unknown, but the inability to discover the unknown again—because when everything can be explained by existing theories, it means that they have solved all the mysteries.

They are the trailblazers in the history of human science, and they are also pathfinders.

Compared with the difficulties encountered on the road.

What they are more worried about is that after a certain day, this road will suddenly come to an end.

Unknown at best makes people feel puzzling, but a broken circuit can make people feel desperate.

This is not a certain clause with express requirements or legal effect, but the consciousness of the pioneers themselves.

Therefore, after discovering that this unknown ray may shake the cornerstone of the physical system, Faraday and others also felt a rush of excitement:

Since it's counterintuitive in terms of refraction, what about the other properties?

For example

How penetrating is this ray?

The optical path length of two meters at most shows that its penetrating power is very strong, but it cannot be used to characterize the mysterious rays.

Think here.

Faraday returned to the side of the operating table, took a wooden board with a thickness of about one centimeter, and placed it at the end of the anode.

I saw a small amount of rays visible to the naked eye due to air ionization, hitting the center of the target straight.

Then

It easily penetrated the wooden board and landed steadily on the negative not far away.

Faraday stared at Gauss and said:

"Friedrich, did you see it? It's such a strong light."

Gauss also nodded.

According to inherent cognition.

A piece of wood with a thickness of one centimeter and no gaps is theoretically enough to block most of the light.

Even in the photoelectric effect demonstrated by Xu Yun before, if such a wooden board is added to the light path, the phenomenon at the receiver will be greatly affected, and even no flash will occur at all.

And at this very moment.

This mysterious ray seemed to ignore the existence of the wooden board, passing through it without any pressure?

Although Faraday looked at the temperature rise value of the previous thermocouple, he was already prepared for the penetrating ability of the mysterious rays.

But when he actually saw this scene, there was still a big wave in his heart.

To know.

Refraction and penetration are almost the basic properties of light.

Could it be that such an invisible beam of light is really going to turn the entire optics, no, the entire scientific world upside down?

Then Faraday took a deep breath and fetched another book.

The thickness of this book is about five or six centimeters. It is a best-selling book called "Unknown world conquest manual".

He put the book in place of the board and put it in the end of the anode.

Then he turned his head, his eyes fixed on the film.

But what made his heart skip a beat.

spot

It still hit the film steadily, without any change.

no doubt.

The penetrating ability of this unknown ray has surpassed any known ray.

"call"

Faraday exhaled heavily, and picked up a steel plate again.

this time.

His fingers trembled a little because.

Steel plates are a bit heavy.

Faraday put this steel plate in front of him, feeling a little complicated.

There is both worry and excitement.

In a sense.

This steel plate can be regarded as the last piece of armor to defend classical physics.

If the steel plate can block unknown rays, everything may still be within the controllable range.

But if even the steel plate can't stop this ray, then classical physics will inevitably usher in a big earthquake.

Although Faraday has relevant awareness as a road-blazer, on the other hand, his age is on the sidelines.

For a scientist, it is undoubtedly a cruel thing to discover a certain phenomenon at the later stage of the journey of life, and to study it weakly.

With this thought.

Faraday placed the steel plate at the anode.

After a few seconds.

Gauss's voice suddenly came from his ear, which was much higher than before:

"Michael, look, the spot is gone!"

Faraday turned his head quickly and looked towards the film.

as expected.

At this time, there is no light spot on the film!

See this situation.

Faraday relaxed his shoulders in relief, and put the steel plate back on the table.

so far so good.

The vibration of this ray is still only a small cornerstone, and it will not cause the building to overturn suddenly.

Looking at Faraday who kept stroking his chest, an idea suddenly popped up in Xu Yun's mind:

Do you want to go up for some more excitement?

For example, learn from wheat and let X-rays penetrate the steel plate by "accidentally hitting"?

After all, for X-rays in most cases.

Voltage can determine its maximum energy, and current determines its strength.

So given the right conditions, it is not surprising that X-rays penetrate steel plates.

Later generations also have relevant tables and calculation formulas for this aspect, which are conceptually called the penetration depth of X-rays.

Although there are many high-density alloys that can block X-rays, what about ordinary steel plates in 1850?

Of course.

Seeing this, some students may ask.

its not right.

That being the case, why are the steel plates on both sides of the security inspection machine not penetrated by X-rays?

the reason is simple.

Because the X-rays of the security inspection machine will pass through a lead seam after being emitted from the generator, and the vertical fan is tangential to the channel.

Except for the cut surface, other places are packaged and scattered, and the dose is not large.

At the same time, in addition to the steel plate, there is also a layer of 2mm lead plate on the side of the security inspection machine, which can effectively prevent the leakage of X-rays.

By the way.

The curtain-like thing at the head of the security inspection machine is called a lead curtain, which is also a barrier to isolate rays.

Although there are not many X-rays leaked near the lead curtain, X-rays have a certain accumulation—that is, the accumulation of radionuclides in the body.

Therefore, if you are a small partner who travels frequently, try not to wait for the package to reach for it as soon as it comes out of the lead curtain, and wait for the package to go out of the channel before it is too late.

Alright, let's go back to where we started.

Although he was a little restless in his heart, seeing the expressions of Faraday and Gauss-Weber at this time, Xu Yun finally suppressed the idea of ​​working hard.

Then Faraday tried other metals, and finally determined the penetration limit of unknown rays:

3 mm thin aluminum sheet.

Compared with the earlier steel plate, the thin aluminum plate is obviously better to accept.

Then Faraday looked at the thin aluminum plate in his hand and pondered for a moment, then turned around and said to Kirchhoff:

"Gustav, go and buy two live fish now."

Kirchhoff was slightly taken aback, and nodded half-understanding:

"Oh, I see."

After speaking, he turned around and wanted to leave.

But as soon as he opened his legs, Faraday stopped him:

"Hey wait, I haven't finished talking yet, don't go to the fish stall to buy fish."

Kirchhoff stood still, turned his head, and looked at Faraday blankly:

"Professor Faraday, what do you mean?"

Faraday pouted his chin out of the window and said:

"All the live fish on the fish stand were bought by fishermen. You went to the bank of the Jian River to search carefully. You stared at the fisherman with dark skin, a bitter face, and a lot of fishing gear, so you went up and asked about it. , you are guaranteed to be able to buy good fish.”

Only then did Kirchhoff suddenly realize:

"I see, Professor Faraday."

After Kirchhoff left.

Faraday and others who had done the experiment all morning sat back on the sofa and silently recalled Lan.

that's all.

After about half an hour.

Kirchhoff carried the bamboo basket and returned to the laboratory with two lively fish:

"Professor Faraday, as you expected, the fish has been bought."

"Thank you, Gustav."

Faraday nodded to him, took the bamboo basket with gloves on, and took out a fresh river eel from it.

Then he and Gauss held the fish head and the tail, put it on the film, and let it stand still.

A few more vacuum tubes were taken out to form a row of horizontal irradiation modules on the console.

Seeing this scene, Xu Yun gave a thumbs up silently in his heart.

in the original history.

When Roentgen verified the effect of X-ray imaging, the 'tool' he used was his wife's hand:

He taped the palm of his wife's hand to the film and exposed it to X-rays for a full 15 minutes.

be honest.

Not discussing gender issues is itself very dangerous and never advisable.

Because X-rays are very harmful to the human body.

In the professional field, its harm to the human body can be roughly divided into two categories.

One is the "deterministic effect" and the other is called the "random effect".

The so-called determination effect refers to the damage to the human body caused by exposure to X-rays for a certain period of time and accumulating to a certain amount.

The random effect is related to the individual's constitution regardless of the accumulated amount of X-rays.

That is, as long as you are exposed to X-rays, the damage to the human body is called a random effect.

Certain effects are generally like radiation-induced cataracts, skin leukoplakia caused by radiation, infertility caused by long-term exposure, and so on.

Random effects generally only occur in those who are sensitive to X-rays, and the damage caused is generally tumors, gene mutations, etc.

The dose of medical X-rays used in later generations is generally not large. A chest X-ray is only about 20 μSv, and the natural background radiation dose received by each person is about 2 mSv per year.

But if you are exposed to X-rays for 15 minutes, and you are still exposed to one meter apart, this is another concept.

Later, Roentgen's wife Anna Beruta Ludwig suffered from various skin diseases for the rest of her life, and finally died in 1919. Many people also believed that this was related to Roentgen's experiment.

However, in this timeline, because Mavericks proposed the wave-particle duality in advance, Faraday and others have some understanding of the particle nature of light:

For particle flow, energy naturally exists.

The flow of high-level particles passing through the body is not harmful, at least not a good thing.

So this time, Faraday and Gauss did not do the phenomenon experiment by themselves.

This can be regarded as saving Xu Yun a little effort - he was still wondering if Faraday touched the X-rays himself, what excuse would he have to stop them.

It's easy now.

Saved a wave of saliva, and avoided showing his feet because of the inappropriate reason made up temporarily.

at the same time.

the other side.

Faraday and Gauss focused all their attention on the eel in their hands, pressing it firmly.

After about ten minutes.

Gauss, who had been paying attention to the situation of the film, suddenly frowned, looked at the edge where the film was in contact with the fish body, and said:

"Michael, look quickly, the film has changed!"

Since the fish body and the film were tightly glued together, Faraday couldn't see the specific situation on the film, so he said:

"To be on the safe side, wait another ten minutes."

The dying eel: "?!"

After a while.

Faraday estimated that the time was almost up, so he said to Weber and Gauss:

"Edward, turn off the power, Friedrich, let's move the fish."

Weber and Gauss nodded together:

"good!"

Then Faraday and Gauss threw the eel directly to the ground, and couldn't wait to pick up the film.

The result was just a hasty sweep, and Faraday couldn't help but let out an exclamation:

"God, what... what is this?"

I heard this.

Whether it's Weber, or Kirchhoff and Riemann who are in charge of the atmosphere group.

Including Xu Yun, everyone walked quickly to Faraday's side.

Only at this moment.

On the negative in Faraday's hand, there is a .

Black and white images of fish bones!

The length of the fish bone is about forty centimeters, covering the fish head, fish breast and part of the fish belly.

The internal organs of the fish cannot be seen clearly on the film, but all the fish bones, large and small, can be seen inside the eel!

Even if you look closely you will find

Inside the belly of the eel, there is still a ring!