Into Unscientific

Chapter 336 Farewell, 1850! (1) (98K!!)

Chapter 336 Farewell, 1850! (1) (9.8K!!)

"Why, why is this happening?"

"Where is the ether? Where is the ether?!"

"God, please show me your grace and tell me it's not true"

"You are one by one."

Next to the Michelson interferometer.

Looking at the chaotic scene in front of him, Xu Yun suddenly felt a subtle sense of déjà vu:

This moment.

The imaging plate beside him seemed to be an inscription engraved with the word "Dian", with the word "Ether" written on it, and the year of its birth and death was engraved in the lower left corner:

243 BC—1851.11.5

As for this authority or aristocrat in various industries who was trembling while standing by the imaging board, and even collapsed on the ground and howled loudly.

It is those who mourn before the laying of the altar.

Huh?

This seems to match Aveline's clothes before.

And just as Xu Yun sighed.

Specifically, he has two positions.

An old man with gray hair who was looking at the imaging board in a daze suddenly stood up from the ground.

He came to Xu Yun's side with a stride, grabbed Xu Yun's collar with both hands, and shouted to him in despair:

"It's you, it must be you! You must have done something to this equipment, right?!"

Looking at the old man with a strong Apennines accent, Xu Yun allowed him to grab his collar without taking countermeasures.

First of all, the other party is not young, and it may hurt the other party to do it easily.

Secondly, his name is

Amedeo Avogadro.

That's right.

It's the Avogadro of Avogadro's constant.

This is a senior with a very high status in the history of science, and he is not the pressure father who has targeted Avelyn.

From a mathematical point of view, the supporters and pressure Lao Tzu of the ether theory are actually the relationship between sets and subsets.

95% of the latter belongs to the former, but the former is not necessarily the latter.

Avogadro appeared here not because he wanted to put pressure on Avelyn, but because Xu Yun assisted Faraday in calculating the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, which was a vital discovery for him.

So then.

The molecular tycoon dragged his dying body, and ran all the way to Cambridge University excitedly to join in the fun.

Who would have thought of it.

This unlucky guy is just like the aunt in a certain news in later generations.

It turned out that on the way home from get off work, I heard that there was a fire and came to join in the fun, but it turned out that my house was on fire.

In fact, there are many people similar to Avogadro at the scene.

For example mentioned earlier.

Wheat and Lao Tang are all supporters of the ether theory. In the original timeline, Lao Tang tried to rescue the ether theory many times on important occasions.

to some extent.

The foundation of ether theory even surpasses the theory of relativity of later generations:

Because the ether is just an easy-to-understand model, which is somewhat similar to the dark matter of later generations, and does not involve too much calculation and professional knowledge.

And the theory of relativity really needs a very high mathematical foundation to understand and learn.

Therefore, it is not unusual for people like Avogadro to appear on the scene.

The line of sight returns to reality.

Avogadro held Xu Yun's collar tightly like this, his eyes seemed fierce, but Xu Yun saw despair and even...

A little begging.

He seemed to be hoping that Xu Yun would let go and admit that he had indeed tampered with the interferometer.

Naihe only responded with Xu Yun's soft sigh:

"Sorry, Mr. Avogadro, I did not make any changes to the interferometer."

"This...you should have an answer."

Hearing this, Avogadro muttered a few times at the corner of his mouth, and suddenly his whole body relaxed, and he weakly let go of Xu Yun's collar.

The aura of a furious lion that had been disguised before disappeared in an instant.

It is well known in the later generations that Avogadro is a master of chemistry, but few people know that Avogadro's attainments in physics are also extremely high.

Avogadro was hired as a professor of physics at the Royal Academy of Vercelli in 1809, and in 1820 he became a professor of mathematics and physics at the University of Turin.

I didn't officially retire until last year.

So long before you speak.

He actually guessed Xu Yun's answer.

It's just that deep down in his heart he has never dared, or refused to believe.

This moment.

Standing in front of Xu Yun was only a decadent little old man with messy hair.

Looking at the slumped Avogadro, he glanced at the other frustrated bosses not far away.

Xu Yun sighed again.

This is the cruelty of the history of science.

Every major change in the history of human science basically overthrows the previous building and then rebuilds on the ruins

In the seemingly glamorous physical building of later generations, there are many desolate and desperate stories buried underground.

Just when Xu Yun and Avogadro were silent, a middle-aged man in his early thirties walked up to him.

The figure of this person is a bit bloated, and the sides of the cheeks are slightly bulging.

With short hair, he looks quite upright.

However, in stark contrast to Fangzheng's appearance, his words were full of hostility from the moment he opened his mouth:

"Mother Xipi, Luo Feng, right? I have already discovered the mistakes and omissions of your experiment!"

Looking at the swearing man in front of him, Xu Yun couldn't help but smile, too.

When welcoming the guests earlier, Xu Yun and Avelyn had stayed under the tree, listening to the rich woman chant about the "crimes" of every stressful old man or stressful kid.

There were a lot of these visitors, but Xu Yun actually only remembered a few of them.

The face of the man in front of him is quite outstanding, somewhat similar to the square-faced monkeys of later generations, and is highly recognizable.

Therefore, when Avelyn introduced many guests before, Xu Yun also wrote down the identities of the guests.

This man is called Georgia Terry, an Englishman, and he is a standard stress boy.

According to Aveline's thoughts.

This guy writes an article criticizing Avelyn's personal life almost every Saturday, as if the next generation plays a game and schedules a copy next weekend.

At the same time.

This man is different from Doppler and Clausius.

Although Doppler and the others are under pressure, their abilities are not low.

One discovered the Doppler effect and was the first professor of physics at the University of Vienna.

The other, one of the founders of thermodynamics, came up with the concept of entropy.

Although their status is far inferior to the Mavericks, they can be regarded as famous in history.

But Georgia Terry.

He is just an editor of a newspaper and has never even studied in college.

Relying on his status as an editor, he became one of the dungeon members, crazy to use Aveline to get achievements.

According to the personality of this person introduced by Aveline, the other party should not be chatting with me, right?

as expected.

After arriving in front of Xu Yun.

Georgia Tri raised the calculation paper with a wooden board in her hand, and said to Xu Yun with an exaggerated expression:

"Luo Feng, I have found the loophole in your experiment, you despicable villain!"

Then he quickly walked to the side of the light arm of the interferometer, raised his hands and clapped his palms in the air a few times, and shouted loudly to the surroundings:

"Gentlemen present, please pay attention to me, I have something to announce!"

"I, Georgia Terry, have discovered the loophole in Luo Feng's experiment!"

"The ether still exists, and the advantage is still with me!"

Georgia Terry's words were particularly clear in the somewhat dead silence of the scene, and spread across the open space in an instant.

I heard this.

Including the depressed Avogadro.

A glimmer of hope once again appeared on the faces of many big bosses who were originally looking desperate, and bursts of discussions gradually sounded:

"God, has a savior appeared?"

"Really? Someone found a loophole in the experiment?"

"So many experts at the scene failed to discover the mistakes and omissions. Can he really do it?"

"What's his name?"

"I can't make it."

Looking at the gazes focused on him, Georgia Terry couldn't help puffing out his chest proudly.

After everyone gathered, he pointed to the light arm of the interferometer and said:

"As you can see, if we draw a circle with any point O as the point, and the arm lengths OM1 and OM2 are perpendicular to each other and have the same length with high precision, what kind of figure will appear?"

"The answer is an isosceles right triangle."

"Because the earth is moving, when the light moves from O to M2, the mirror M2 of the interferometer has moved to the returning path point A, and then reflects from A to path point B, and the light finally goes to the receiver R."

"So, the distance that the light at the arm length of OM2 actually travels is exactly the two waists of the isosceles triangle of OAB."

"But what if the light is disturbed by the ether during this process?"

"Don't forget, since light can form interference fringes on the imaging plate, it means that it exhibits wave properties in this experiment."

"It can be calculated from the planar optical path that if the light is disturbed, the two optical arms cannot actually be perpendicular."

"In this way, although the length of the optical arm remains the same, the actual optical path difference will be shortened."

That's all.

Georgia Terry pointed at Xu Yun and snorted coldly:

"So Luo Feng, there is a huge loophole in your experiment, that is, you ignored the effect of the ether passing on the wave, which affected the optical path difference!"

After talking about what Georgia Terry thought of, he sneered:

"Unless...you can prove that the light exhibits a particle state during the operation of the optical arm, and then becomes a wave state on the imaging plate. Ha!"

After finishing speaking, Georgia Terry laughed out loud as if Prime Minister Cao possessed himself.

Seeing Georgia Terry with a self-satisfied face beside her, Xu Yun's expression was a little bit.

subtle.

how to say

Is this a condom handed to you when you want to sleep?

Georgia Terry's analysis is actually quite simple to explain:

Light has two properties of wave and particle, and the interference fringes that appear in the final link of the imaging plate represent that it exhibits wave nature in the experiment.

The transmission of waves requires a medium, so who can guarantee that it is not the medium of ether that interferes with the waves?

If the ether interferes with the wave, then the vertical and plane light paths will be affected, and the angle between the light arms seems to be 90°, but in fact it may only be 89.99999°.

This kind of tiny error cannot be measured with existing science and technology, but it does lead to errors in calculations of the order of light speed.

This is a logical closed loop, similar to

Which came first, the chicken or the egg?

But well.

The problem with eggs can be explained religiously by the plug-in of creation.

Georgia Terry's question also has a theoretical wall-breaking method:

Just use mathematics to negate the computational problems first, and then prove that light can exhibit both particle and wave properties in one experiment.

That is to say, the light is a particle when it runs on the light arm, and it will not be affected by the ether.

And when it passes through the beam splitter and hits the imaging plate, it becomes a wave again.

It's just that in Georgia Terry's view, this kind of situation is absolutely impossible to happen, even if the calf is resurrected, it can't do this.

Therefore, it is destined to be a problem that Xu Yun is helpless.

Think here.

Xu Yun's gaze towards Georgia Terry immediately included.

Grateful and gratified.

be honest.

Originally, according to the current situation where the bosses are crying and mourning together, he really doesn't know how to start the third experiment smoothly.

Everyone is crying and desperate, how many people would be willing to go to the third open space with him?

If the experiment in the third open space cannot be started, then tonight's big show will lack a finale.

True savior.

Of course.

Before that, it is necessary to deny Georgia Terry's statement from a mathematical point of view.

So Xu Yun thought for a while, turned around and said to Mai, who was supposed to be helping Gauss at this time, but was forced to have a shadow clone and was in charge of calibrating the interferometer due to a mistake made by an idiot author:

"Student Maxwell, please bring me a blackboard, and ask Mr. Thomson to turn on the light."

Wheat heard the words and nodded:

"clear."

A few minutes later.

Mai Mai dragged a blackboard back to Xu Yun.

A group of people had already surrounded Xu Yun and Georgia Terry, and Avogadro, Doppler and others were among them.

After the blackboard is properly placed.

Xu Yun glanced at Georgia Terry, picked up a pen, and wrote a few words on the blackboard:

Light source, imaging plate, mirror m1, mirror m2.

Then he drew a horizontal line under these words, and said to the surroundings:

"Gentlemen, as you can see, these four words are the key devices in our experiment."

"As for the spectroscope, since it does not involve mathematical calculations, it is not included. This should be fine, right?"

Everyone, including Georgia Terry, nodded.

This is the most intuitive information, no one can deny it.

Then Xu Yun paused, and said:

"As for the light arm we are talking about, it is actually a whole composed of the light source, the mirror and the connection between the two."

"At any moment, the length of the light arm is constant—or, at any moment, the distance between the light source and the mirror is constant."

"Is that all right?"

His answer was still approval.

That's all.

Xu Yun glanced at Georgia Terry playfully, and the corners of his mouth curled up slightly uncontrollably:

"As for the so-called loophole of Mr. Georgia Terry, it can actually be divided into two parts, the vertical light path and the horizontal light path."

"Although most of his thoughts are discussing the vertical light path, let's discuss the mistakes he made in analyzing the horizontal light path first, Maxwell!"

The wheat on the side was shocked when he heard the words:

"Here, Mr. Luo Feng."

Xu Yun snapped his fingers at him and threw the chalk at him:

"Wheat, you give this gentleman the whole job and tell him where he went wrong."

Wheat nodded upon hearing this, took the chalk, and looked at Georgia Terry again.

After thinking for about half a minute, he wrote down two formulas on the blackboard:

OM1+M1O.

OM1+Vt1+OM1-V（t11-t1）=2OM1+V（2t1-t11）

Then put a cross behind the first formula.

Put a √ after the second formula.

Look at the two formulas on the blackboard.

A mathematics professor among the crowd suddenly took a deep breath:

"hiss"

Mai Mai didn't write much, but after all, there were many real masters in mathematics and science on the scene, and their comprehension skills were still full.

After a little analysis, they immediately understood what wheat was thinking.

Students who have studied high school physics should know it.

The trajectory of an object is different in different reference frames.

For example, suppose you are riding a train, and you are a fixed point relative to the trajectory of the train.

But your trajectory relative to the ground reference system is a straight line.

The same principle applies to the light path.

The core of ether hypothesis is that it holds that the speed of light relative to ether is constant.

Therefore, if you want to compare the time difference between the two beams of light hitting the mirror from the light source and returning to the light source, it is more convenient to choose the ether as the reference system.

This is the way of thinking of wheat.

When t=0.

The light originates from the light source O.

When t=t1.

Light reaches the mirror.

At this time, because the whole experimental equipment has moved to the right for a certain distance relative to the ether, the position of the mirror has changed from point M1 to the place at the right distance Vt1.

So the length of this light path is:

OM1+Vt1.

When light returns to the source.

Let the light return to the light source at t=t11, at this time the light source has moved for t11 seconds.

Therefore, the position of the light source is the distance from Vt11 to the right of the original point O.

The light path of this segment is:

OM1+Vt1-Vt11=OM1-V(t11-t1).

Combining two light paths.

In the ether reference system, the total optical path length of horizontal light should be:

OM1+Vt1+OM1-V(t11-t1)=2OM1+V(2t1-t11). (There should be no mistake in the calculation. If there is a mistake, I hope the boss will correct me.)

And what Georgia Terry wrote is OM1+M1O, which is obviously wrong.

Then Wheat shrugged, pointed to the formula and said:

"Actually, it's easy to see from this formula that 2t1 will be significantly greater than t11, because the light's forward journey is longer than its return journey."

"When light travels from the light source to mirror one, it is 'chasing' the mirror."

"And when returning from the mirror to the light source, the light source is moving against the light."

"So, it takes longer for light to travel from the light source to the mirror than it takes for light to travel from the mirror back to the light source."

"Therefore, Mr. Terry's analysis is wrong just from the reasoning and explanation of the horizontal light path."

Georgia Terry opened his mouth, with a hint of panic in his eyes:

"I"

However, Xu Yun didn't give him a chance to explain. Instead, he took Mai Mai's words and made up for him again:

"Mr. Terry, the light source, the mirror, and the imaging plate all move in the east. Or right - because they move relative to the ether."

"That is to say, the direction of motion of the light source and mirror 1 is along the straight line where point O and point M1 are located."

"And the direction of movement of mirror two is along the straight line where point M2 and point A are located."

"In the ether reference system, because the light is aiming at point A when it starts, when the mirror 2 translates from the position of point M2 to point A, the light just reaches point A."

"Then it is reflected back to point B by the mirror. In this way, there is actually no problem with the optical path difference."

"So Mr. Terry, the loophole you mentioned does not exist at all from a mathematical point of view!"

this time.

Many people also nodded subconsciously.

What Xu Yun said was very simple and easy to understand.

For example, the car driven by the reader has a left wheel and a right wheel, and the distance between the left wheel and the right wheel is the width of your car.

That is, the length of the transmission rod connecting the left wheel and the right wheel is fixed at any time, even if the car is in motion.

But in the ground frame of reference.

The current position of the left wheel and the position of the right wheel two seconds later during exercise, and the distance between these two spatial positions, is not equal to the distance between your left wheel and your right wheel.

Assume this moment.

There is a little mouse running from the left wheel of the car along the transmission rod to the right wheel of the car. The track of the little mouse relative to the ground is a diagonal line.

And the length of this track is not equal to the length of the transmission rod.

This is the optical path difference caused by the reference frame.

So in mathematics.

The Michelson-Morley experiment has taken the optical path difference into account.

Of course.

Some students may ask:

The speed of light is much faster than that of a car, so is there really no error in this optical path difference?

The answer is actually no.

But this value is so small that it can be ignored even in the calculation of the speed of light.

This is a phenomenon supported by actual data, which comes from gravitational waves.

mentioned earlier.

The gravitational wave detector LIGO, to put it bluntly, is actually a large Michelson-Morley device.

Each set of LIGO detectors has two long arms perpendicular to each other. Using laser light, LIGO can measure the length of the two long arms perpendicular to each other.

The long arms of LIGO are actually long tubes of high vacuum, and mirrors with a diameter of 34 cm are suspended on the two sections of each long arm.

The LIGO detector uses laser interference to continuously measure the distance between each pair of mirrors with extremely high accuracy.

At present, a total of two LIGO detectors have been built, located in Washington State and Louisiana across the sea, with a distance of 3,000 kilometers between the two places.

Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light, so if a detectable gravitational wave swept across Earth, there would be a difference of on the order of 10 milliseconds between the times when the two LIGO detectors detected the signal.

At the same time, in Europe, there are two very similar gravitational wave detectors called VIRGO, and multiple detectors work together.

The first time humans discovered the gravitational waves of the merger of double black holes was at 17:51 Yanjing time on September 14, 2015, and it was announced on February 11, 2016.

The first detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star merger was on October 16, 2017.

At that time, including Huaxia, scientists from many countries held a press conference simultaneously.

Then several times of phenomena were observed, and the recorded event names were all GW+6 digits.

In the event of GW190521, LIGO detected the optical path difference for the first time:

The source of the signal is about five gigaparsecs away from the earth - one gigaparsec is equivalent to about 3.26 billion light-years, and the optical path difference is about 27.3% of the size of an atom. (doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aba493)

Incidentally.

Gravitational waves were discovered in 2015 and announced in February 2016.

Then as of GW170814 in September 2017, a total of 4 events were observed.

That is, on average, once every 4 months.

But you can guess, how many gravitational wave events have been discovered from September 2017 to November 7, 2021?

the answer is.

LIGO 90 times, VIRGO 28 times.

90+28, adding up to 118 times.

That is, once a month on average. (ligo.org/detections/O3bcatalog.php official website, you can see it by adding three W in front, and currently only the O3b published in November last year)

Again.

Sometimes the level of technological development really exceeds your expectations.

alright.

The topic is back to the original place.

be honest.

This question of Georgia Terry is actually quite representative in later generations, and it belongs to one of Minke's powerful 'theories' to refute Michelson Morley's experiment.

It's a pity that these people don't even understand the horizontal light path, but they still speak loudly, which is quite funny.

Some dark clouds wouldn't exist that long if bugs were found just by pen.

Seeing that the 'loophole' he found was easily torn apart by the young man Mai, Georgia Terry's face suddenly flushed unhealthily.

He quickly looked in front of and behind him, but found that no one spoke out to help him refute.

After all, the subject of mathematics is like this, divided into two extreme "one second".

The first one is that you scan the question in one second and find that you can't do anything in one second and can only write a solution.

The second one second is the exchange of industry leaders, who will understand whether the other party is right or wrong in one second.

Such as the above derivation process.

Some people jumped here in a second, yelling and watching a lonely, cute money back.

Some people understood everything in a second, and even picked out some mistakes and omissions.

Gap.JPG.

Seeing that he is alone and helpless now, Georgia Terry couldn't help but take a deep breath, and resorted to the last trick:

"Luo Feng, this is just a mathematical derivation. Mathematical calculations alone cannot convince the public!"

"John Cosey Adams calculated the orbit of Neptune in 1843, but until Neptune was discovered in 1846, he was still just a teaching assistant at Cambridge University!"

"Unless you can prove that light can exhibit two properties at the same time during the experiment, the possibility I said must exist!"

After Georgia Terry finished speaking, several responses suddenly sounded from the crowd:

"That's right, it's possible!"

"I agree with Mr. Terry!"

"Ah yes yes yes!"

Xu Yun took a quick look and found that most of the people who made the noise were rich and powerful with gorgeous clothes and badges on their collars.

This is also normal.

After all, the theory of ether is the lifeblood of classical disciplines, and it is also the support of the aristocratic system.

Today, the modern mathematics faction led by Gauss has had a considerable impact on the inherent classical system. If the ether theory collapses again, the consequences will be disastrous.

Therefore, even if there is only a slight chance, these nobles will forcefully try to continue their lives for the ether.

Looking at these unrepentant ether supporters, Xu Yun felt a slight sigh in his heart.

Whether these nobles or authority.

At this time, they are all like a gambler, stud all their hopes on the only one chip.

But what they'gambled' is no longer science or knowledge, but basic logic.

After all, for people of this era.

The nature of light in a certain experiment is certain, and it is impossible to have two kinds of changes in one experiment.

Think here.

Xu Yun couldn't help leaving the interferometer and walked to the open space on the left.

In the eyes of Georgia Terry, Xu Yun's move was mistaken for preparing to run away, so he quickly shouted loudly:

"That Easterner wants to escape! Stop him!"

After speaking, he was ready to rush towards Xu Yun.

But after all, there were still other members of the Gewu Club maintaining order at the scene, and most people were reserved about their identities, so they didn't make any rude moves.

Ever since.

The crowd slowly followed behind Xu Yun in a slow, noisy but barely controlled state.

After half a minute.

Xu Yun came to the third open space covered with black cloth.

He looked back at the bustling crowd and shook his head:

"I really don't cry without seeing the coffin."

Say it.

He bent down, as if lifting a shroud.

Hula——

Pull the covering cloth of the third open space vigorously.

And with the cover cloth lifted.

The experimental equipment covered under the fabric and kept secret by Xu Yun for a long time finally fully revealed its true colors.