Mage? Spell Engineer!

Heat and work are both energy and both take the dimension of energy.

This is common sense, but it is the common sense of Rorschach as an engineering dog, not the mainstream view in the different world now!

In ancient times, spellcasters and alchemists discovered that matter could be continuously divided into very small particles. By observing stars, dust and steam, the arcane master Leukipo before the old empire era concluded that the elements and ether have the tiniest units, which drift, stir up whirlpools in space and the world behind the curtain, and converge into All things and magic.

"The original God used His great divine power to bind tiny elements to create all things. Just like we use water and fine grains of soil to shape pottery."

So the elements, or the smallest units of matter, were named elementons. After the change between the old empire and the new era, the elements were transformed into "atoms" after being translated by the Semitic people and then transmitted back to the main continent.

It's good to be able to discover atoms, but spellcasters, especially the alchemists among them, have a serious disease of thinking. They feel that since physical objects are particles, then other things are particles too small to be touched.

Ether is a particle, but Rorschach doesn't understand it yet and won't comment yet; it's just particles, Rorschach can give half a pair; as for particles called phlogiston and caloric, today I will overturn the "caloric theory"! Rorschach smiled at Kano and said that he would revise it again, then turned around and began to conceive of the "thermal equivalent" experiment fiercely.

Assuming that heat is a kind of particle called "heat element", modern people in the original world may not understand it, but this hypothesis is indeed easy to make analogies and can describe some phenomena of heat transfer.

For example, you can imagine that temperature is a measure of the amount of "heat", or a measure of the potential difference of "heat" stored in an object. Then "heat transfer from a high-temperature object to a low-temperature object" can be vividly compared to the transfer of heat from a high temperature object to a high temperature object. It overflows and flows downward.

Paired with the heavyweight player phlogiston, it is a perfect match: when heat accumulates to a certain extent, phlogiston will be activated, and phlogiston will continuously degrade into heat during the combustion process and be released.

But there are also phenomena that cannot be explained.

There was an alchemist who believed in the caloric theory and lived in the ice and snow in the north of the mainland. He has two friends, a dwarf and a polar elf, and an apprentice.

First, the apprentice brought two identical large copper pots, one filled with oil and one with water. Then he took the same weight of ice and soaked it in the oil and water. After the ice completely melted, the apprentice measured the temperature and found:

"Teacher, why do oil and water lose the same amount of heat and lower their temperatures at different levels?"

"Different substances have different abilities to accept or lose heat. It must be that the heat in the environment supplements the heat in the liquid in the pot at a lower temperature, causing the ice to melt."

Then his polar elf friend asked him why rubbing his hands would make him hot. He replied that you unconsciously activated magic in the process of rubbing your hands, converting the ether into heat.

The elf asked him to grab one piece of ice and rub it against another with his mage's hand, claiming that the ice would also melt. "Can ice cubes have magic?" The alchemist asked the elf to stop teasing him.

Finally, a dwarf friend wrote a letter. During the process of making the cannon barrel, he soaked the iron pillar in water to drill the cannon bore. After drilling for two and a half hours, the water boiled, which made him very confused: Could it be that heat is a kind of mineral that can be drilled? come out? The warlock replied to him: There is heat in the metal column, and heat is released during the production of iron filings.

Then the dwarf wrote another letter: If the heat element is evenly distributed in the object, if you drill with a sharp drill, the water will heat up less and there will be more iron filings. If you drill with a blunt drill, the water will heat up more and there will be less iron filings. Is this a contradiction?

Rorschach tells the story of an alchemist who lived in the polar regions.

"Then what?" Pascal yawned, using bread to dip the last bits of cream of mushroom soup from the bottom of the bowl.

"Then he became furious and reported to the imperial authorities that the dwarves secretly made heavy firearms." After speaking, Rorschach cut off a piece of duck meat and put it into his mouth. "After eating, let's go to the Alchemy Department together. By the way, Mr. Kano asked you to take the liqueur in his office to the research room on Pastoral Avenue."

"Are you going too? Are you going to do a new experiment?"

"Don't be nervous, someone from the Alchemy Department will help you this time."

On the first floor of the Alchemy Department, Master Snow has arrived, and several older brothers are also present. There are two devices in the space organized in the warehouse. They all have glass tanks containing the same mass of water.

One device has a propeller blade inserted in the water, a connecting rod wrapped several times with a rope, and a large weight tied to one end. Obviously when the weight is lowered, it will drive the propeller blades to stir during the falling process.

The other is a weight falling, which will drive an alchemy department to find the smallest rotor generator. A part of the circuit is wound into a spring and soaked in water.

Snow looked pained: "Master Rorschach, is this not a destructive experiment? The required resistance wire is an iron-aluminum alloy!" In a world without electrolytic aluminum, the Alchemy Department even tried to develop a method of refining aluminum through magic - The price of this gray thing is a little higher than gold.

"Don't worry, it's not. Has the mechanical part been lubricated? I hope the friction is as small as possible." Rorschach checked the test device: "The weights on both sides must be flush with each other at the same height, and this height must be recorded. What is the current room temperature? ?The same as the water temperature.”

Finally, the weights of the two devices are lowered respectively. The blades of the No. 1 device rotate and the rotor of the No. 2 device rotates.

The weight dropped to the ground, "quickly record the temperature reading of the water."

"Then what? A set of experiments is over?" Pascal was a little confused. Is it that simple? It's different from the experiments he participated in.

"Yes." Simple experiments and genius insights lead to great conclusions. This is the handiwork of the great Joule.

Snow took over the data written down by his brother: "It's almost the same! Master Rorschach! The water really heats up and the temperature is consistent!"

Rorschach nodded: "If we can completely eliminate the wire resistance and friction, they should be exactly the same. However, our thermometer cannot accurately measure the difference."

Pascal still didn't understand the intention: "What do you want to show through these experiments?"

"In the experiment designed by Master Rorschach, the temperature of all objects was the same before starting. Logically speaking, there should be no transfer of heat. But after the weight was released, the kinetic energy caused the water to heat up! Two different devices transfer kinetic energy , and the water can be raised to the same temperature without the intervention of the ether."

"It shows that heat and function can be converted." Rorschach took over: "If heat is regarded as heat, it is difficult to explain. Our device does not have a magic circuit. But if heat is regarded as a kind of energy, it is transmitted to matter It causes microscopic movements of particles within the material, and we can intuitively see in Device No. 1: macroscopic movements are transformed into microscopic movements within the material, and the result is a rise in temperature."

Heat is not a substance, but a movement phenomenon of microscopic particles, which can be equivalently converted into macroscopic mechanical movement. I can explain the phenomena that can be explained by the "hot mass theory", and I can also explain the phenomena that cannot be explained by the "hot mass theory". This is the "hot dynamic theory"!

He walked to the device with the generator again: "Device No. 2 proved to us that the kinetic energy, electrical energy and heat of macroscopic motion can also be converted. If the two devices are raised to increase the distance of the weight drop, we should also One can see the water rising to a higher temperature and calculate the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy given the mass of the weight, height of fall and mass of water.”

So multiple sets of experiments were started, and from the series of data obtained, it was easy to see that the weight drop height and the temperature rise were directly proportional to each other.

"You are right, Master Rorschach, heat and work can be measured by the same unit! I have no reason not to believe in your energy conservation and equivalence theory anymore!"

"And electricity, Mr. Snow."

According to the author's superficial knowledge of scientific history, unlike other worlds, the theory of caloric mass in our world was only widely accepted after the rise of materialism in the 18th century. Before that, it was in the 17th century and after the "thermokinetic equivalent" experiment. Thermal theory dominates. Carnot, Lavoisier and Laplace were all supporters of the caloric theory.