Meet the principal

Black body radiation. ~~щww~suimеng~lā

Any object has the ability to radiate, absorb, and reflect electromagnetic radiation, and this ability is related to the characteristics and temperature of the object itself.

In the elemental system, heat-related spells have always been a type that mages are keen to study, and when studying this area of ​​spells, you have to mention black bodies.

A black body is an ideal model that can completely absorb external radiation without producing any reflection and at the same time completely convert it into thermal radiation. The spectral characteristics of its thermal radiation have nothing to do with the material and are only related to the temperature.

In the metallurgy and lighting industries, people need to study the relationship between the intensity and frequency of black body radiation, so Master began to study black body radiation.

At first, according to the theory of the classical element system, people thought that its intensity and frequency should be linearly related, but the results of the black iron radiation experiments conducted by the mages were not like this.

Later, after a series of explorations, the mages concluded a thermal radiation displacement law, that is, at a certain temperature, the product of the temperature of the black body and the wavelength of the maximum radiation value is a constant. But it didn’t take long for people to discover This law only holds true in areas with shorter wavelengths, but fails in areas with longer wavelengths, that is, low frequencies.

Then, the Oaklander-David law derived from the energy equipartition theorem was proposed. This law states that the total energy radiated per unit area of ​​the black body surface per unit time is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the black body itself. This law well explains the black iron radiation problem in the low-frequency field. However, in the high-frequency field, as the frequency increases, the radiation energy tends to be infinite, which is contrary to the experimental data.

Since the spectrum moves closer to purple in the high-frequency domain, the legendary mage Carl David who proposed this law also called it "ultraviolet catastrophe."

Ludwig Stein has been working on solving the problem of black body radiation in the past two years.

"Teacher, have you solved this problem?"

Euler immediately stepped forward and opened the pile of information.

This is Stein's manuscript. Except for some suggestive explanatory text, it is almost all formulas and derivation processes. It is more like a test paper than a paper.

The three students just took a few glances and were immediately attracted.

"Wait a minute, how can this be explained here..."

"...This is so strange that such a method would be used..."

"Oh my God,

What do I see, quantum? Energy...isn't continuous? "

This paper subverted the three people's cognition. After they finished reading, instead of hurriedly starting to discuss the conclusions of the paper, they fell into a long silence.

Because the ideas contained in this calculation are too advanced.

Mr. Stein proposed the concept of energy quantization. The center of the object's radiation is a linear resonator. Radiation is actually the process of exchanging energy between the resonator and the surrounding electromagnetic field. The energy carried by each resonator is not continuous. Instead, there are specific discrete values ​​that are integer multiples of a minimum value.

To explain it with a simple formula, that is E=nhv, where v is the vibration frequency, n is the magnification, and h, through calculation, Mr. Stein obtained that its value is a constant. According to convention, he named it Stein's constant.

The distribution curve of energy radiation density and frequency derived from this formula is completely consistent with the experimental results of black body radiation, which means that relying on this formula can perfectly solve the black body radiation problem.

But the premise is that the quantum hypothesis is correct.

In people's eyes, the world is continuous. Whether it is a line, a piece of paper, running water, mountains, or even time, these are continuous. The measurement standards given by people can be infinitely subdivided, and they will definitely not appear. When subdivided to a certain level, irreversible breakage occurs.

But in Mr. Stein's hypothesis, energy is composed of discrete values. When the temperature rises, the energy does not increase linearly. Instead, after reaching a threshold, it jumps directly to the next level of energy, with no intermediate values. any transition.

This is so counterintuitive.

However, the explanation of the blackbody radiation problem deduced under the quantum hypothesis is so simple and elegant that it is irresistible.

Euler felt like he had been hit on the head by a heavy hammer. He could not think about anything else. Even Miss Wendy's scarf downstairs had lost its color.

The other two are in a similar situation, especially Robinson. He was originally a supporter of the wave theory of light, but now, Mr. Stein's quantum theory shows that energy is not continuous, but discontinuous points. Does this mean that the light carrying energy is not a continuous wave, but individual particles? ..

"This is just a hypothesis, purely based on mathematical inference, but it can be seen that starting from the quantum hypothesis, we can get conclusions that are completely consistent with the experimental data. At the same time, this formula can also be compared with the thermal radiation displacement in the high-frequency and low-frequency fields. The law is similar to the Oakland-David law. To paraphrase Rainer Ian Gray, the more concise and elegant the conclusion, the more likely it is to be the real fact."

Mr. Stein said that when he was calculating this series of theories, he clearly felt the inspiration from the world. However, since this was only an inference on paper and was not supported by quantum experimental data, it naturally could not produce the world's inspiration. feedback, but Stein's intuition told him that his guess was correct.

Once he thought of the quantum hypothesis, Stein felt that the door to a new world had opened. He deeply felt that this hypothesis might be a powerful cornerstone for mages to further explore the world, so he couldn't wait to pick up the manuscript and share it with his students.

"I will compile the calculation process into a paper when I get back today, and submit it to the High Council for review tomorrow!"

Stein put away the manuscript, turned around and said.

As a high-level mage, his paper does not need to go through the regular review process, but is directly submitted to the high-level council for review by other high-level mages and even legendary mages. The review process is likely to last half a month.

Watching the teacher leave, the three people who felt lost finally came back to their senses.

What shocked them was not only their teacher's paper, but also the thinking contained in it.

Euler thought to himself that even if he was given a hundred years, he would never think of it, let alone assume that energy is discontinuous, but his teacher was so sure.

He also thought that the young Reiner Ingle had actually reached the point where he was chatting and laughing with the high-level mages. The distance between him and each other was much wider than imagined.

Thinking of this, Euler's heart was filled with dark clouds again.