New Shun 1730

This kind of argument is, of course, also part of the Enlightenment movement.

However, Russia's way of governance and the power of the aristocracy made it impossible for the tsar to kill all opinions, all of which were his own. The serfs who squatted in the village commune and had rarely seen the outside world except fighting, naturally had no chance to participate in this debate.

Therefore, it is foreseeable that the tsar cannot solve the problem, and since they are all relatives and connections, he cannot solve the people discussing the problem, so arguments will inevitably arise.

The moderate faction will eventually be annihilated by the various extreme factions in the Gu-raising style, and it will not be a big problem to blow up all the corpses in the end.

In Lomonosov's second memorial, we can see the signs of this radicalization.

At this time, it was impossible for most universities in Europe not to set up theology departments.

The Academy of Dijon, where Rousseau wrote his essay, was established with the "imperial" approval of Pope Innocent XIII.

The British side also approved the establishment of the predecessor of Columbia University this year, and this university is a pure seminary; Princeton University, established by the colony itself, is also a standard training course for elders of Dawn of Christianity Presbyterian Church.

This kind of petition requesting permission to establish Moscow University, and at the same time asking Moscow University not to establish a seminary at all, is extremely radical in itself, even so radical that it is considered shocking in Europe.

In the petition, Lomonosov attached a small poem.

[Various magical sciences, across mountains, seas and rivers. Science reaches out to Russia and says to the great monarch: Science is willing to do its best to deliver new results of pure wisdom to the Russian people]

In his request for a school following this little poem, Lomonosov suggested:

The university does not have a theology department. At the beginning of its establishment, the Department of Law, Philosophy, Medicine, and Mathematical Physics were established.

The university admits students to all tax brackets.

Universities set up preparatory classes for non-aristocratic students with insufficient education, including those who were serfs. They received education in preparatory classes before transferring to university, thus preventing aristocratic disciples from monopolizing university quotas.

These bold suggestions were approved and soon created a thriving, if perhaps short-lived, scene.

It's hard to say whether it was a success or a failure.

For Lomonosov, he never denied that he was a peasant child and had no aristocratic status, and regarded this as a symbol of Russia's escape from ignorance.

However, under his philosophy of running a school and the enlightenment trend of "education without distinction" that he tried to create, he was the first batch of beneficiaries.

For example, the famous painter Fyodor Rokotov, who was born as a serf.

When he entered the Petersburg Academy of Art, he was still a serf.

When he graduated from the academy and integrated into the upper class circles, a rumor that "he is the illegitimate son of a certain nobleman" soon spread in the upper class society. Especially after he painted a portrait of the Queen, it was upgraded to "he is probably like Perhaps Prince Golitsyn’s illegitimate son.”

Well, in fact, Dashun is similar in form.

Since the Ming Dynasty, there have been endless efforts to compile genealogies.

But the forms are similar, but the meanings are quite different.

China's history is too long. After the separation of surnames and the killing of snakes by the commoners of the Han Dynasty, there has been a wave of class mobility every one or two hundred years.

Hundreds of surnames, from Zhao Qian, Sun Li, to Wu Yanfu... Going up the family tree, which surname does not have three or five prominent officials? Even if it is an uncommon fifth surname, there are also the Great Sikong Wulun of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the fifth Qi of Tang Tongzhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi.

As far as Ming Dynasty and Dashun are concerned, whatever your surname is, you can climb up the ladder and find an ancestor who has been a high official or aristocrat. It just depends on how much money you are willing to pay for those students to pass the examination.

This thing, when everyone is a descendant of "nobles" and "prominent", it means that everyone is not.

Therefore, even though the form is similar, the essence is very different.

But no matter what, standard Russian grammar and Moscow University without a seminary are the beginning of the Enlightenment with Russian characteristics.

Similarly, similar enlightenment movements with national characteristics, relying on each country's tradition and history, different economic foundations, and different circumstances are bursting out in different forms in various countries.

In Prussia.

Frederick II was launching the "Conquest of Nature Movement" at this time. He wanted to use man's conquest of nature to gain a new province without firing a shot.

Developed canals, drained the water from the Oder River swamp, moved a large number of small farmers to the Oder River swamp area, brutally suppressed the fishermen class damaged in the Oder River swamp draining and reclamation movement, and added about 20,000 small farmers to Prussia. class, and provided a stable source of soldiers and taxes.

Originally, in history, the person responsible for the "measurement data, cost accounting and profit calculation" of this Oder swamp conquest movement that relied on science to conquer nature was Euler. Now, the overall person in charge is engineer von Himmler.

Science and mathematics are no longer the embellishments on the king's crown, and have also left pure war, but have begun to be applied to the conquest of nature.

in Sweden.

Chambers, an employee of the Swedish East India Company who participated in the construction of the Dashun Academy of Sciences in Dashun, returned to Sweden. At the request of the Swedish King, he worked for Queen Luvisa Eureka of Sweden at Denodingermo outside Stockholm. , built the "Chinese Palace" as a gift.

Of course, Chambers knew about architecture, but not about etiquette, so Luvisa Eureka's memories were still quite bizarre - I was surprised to see a real mythical world... The guards wore Chinese costumes, and the royal attendants dressed up as Chinese civil servants... The king arranged a Chinese ballet performance accompanied by Turkish music...

Although a normal Chinese person cannot understand how this ballet performance and Turkish music are matched with the Chinese style.

But in any case, with the increasing exchanges between Dashun and Sweden, [China has become a drop of water reflecting the pursuit of happiness, beautiful atmosphere, national prosperity, and superior systems of this era, because it is far away, between legends and reality, and is a paradise that is easy to imagine].

Along with Luvisa Eureka's Chinese Palace Luocheng, the cooperation between Dashun Western Trade Company and Swedish companies has deepened.

The Enlightenment fabrication movement, which Liu Yu complained about as the "Enlightenment fabrication of an ideal country movement", which used China to satirize current politics, and which had been bombarded by Rousseau in France and was in the ascendant in Sweden, was also in full swing.

Including but not limited to the selective excerpts of Tang Dynasty Law Commentaries, the beautified fantasy of the imperial examination system, and the fabrication of the Chinese emperor's incognito visits to inspect the sufferings of the people.

However, this kind of story similar to the blind man touching the elephant is very ironic in history.

Historically, there are many stories about China made up by Swedes, even though there are a lot of Swedes who have been to China.

Similarly, during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese who had the clearest record of Sweden, clearly describing the color of the national flag, the shape of the national flag, the land and products, the size of the area, how long it took to go to the Netherlands, how long it took to go to the UK, and the national flag was a blue flag with a yellow cross, was a blind man, a real blind man, Xie Qinggao.

But no matter what, the Enlightenment movement caused by the Chinese Palace in Sweden at this time was still carried out in a Swedish way.

For the rest, countries with deep Catholic traditions such as Portugal and Spain, their domestic Enlightenment movement also took a turn for the better this year.

And this turn of events also originated from the distant East.

…………

Dashun, Songsu

The grand preparations for the emperor's southern tour have been completed.

Tomorrow is the day of the grand review. The weather is very good. The largest battleship of Dashun with 99 guns, which Liu Yu thinks is a waste of money and useless, is anchored in the port as the flagship of the emperor's grand review fleet tomorrow.

This broken ship can only be used in Bohai Sea, but if it is really attacked in Bohai Bay, it will be defeated.

However, it is still scary enough for such a large ship to be anchored there.

Under the huge shadow of the warship, the envoys of European countries and the heads of companies stationed in China are quietly listening to Liu Yu convey some decisions of the court.

Of course, the decision of the court is very simple.

There are two things in total.

The first thing is to resume direct management of Macau, expel all missionaries of various religious orders of the Roman Catholic Church, and require Portuguese staying in Macau to either register as citizens or leave Macau today.

The second thing is that Dashun will adopt a similar way to govern monks and Taoists to govern Christians in China, including those in Nanyang. The Li government of Dashun will set up a special management agency to officially manage Christianity and strictly control the issuance of certificates of ordination. In addition, the internal promotion system will no longer have any relationship with the Roman Catholic Church.

This is not a declaration of war against Portugal. Dashun just does not want to lease Macau to Portugal.

Of course, if Portugal thinks this is a declaration of war, it can choose to go to war after tomorrow's review to defend what they think is a "colony".

This kind of thing naturally does not need to be announced by the emperor himself, but the Li government may not be able to explain the key, so Liu Yu is still responsible for solving this matter.

Since Dashun has chosen to dominate Nanyang and conquer India, the Macau issue is a problem that is best solved before the war.

Solving the problem does not mean conquering Macau or something.

That is simply too simple.

Rather, it means how to solve the Christian problem in Dashun.

Banning religion is of course fruitful, but with openness and trade, as well as exchanges in Nanyang and India, some things are unstoppable.

Just like Japan before, banning religion so early, various religious groups in Manila sneaked ashore every few days.

On the Dashun side, this society and that religious group also secretly preached in various places.

Moreover, it is easy to deal with the internal affairs, but the places such as Nanyang where Dashun cannot strictly manage, as well as the many believers left behind, must be dealt with.

With the continuous increase in Dashun's trade volume, the increasingly close exchanges between the East and the West, and the continuous development of preaching in secret, it is impossible to stop them with simple prohibition.

Instead of letting them spread quietly, it is better to find a special pit, put them all in, and tame them, otherwise it will be difficult to deal with the Christian problems in Macau and Nanyang.

This is not as simple as expulsion. After expulsion, they will definitely run to Nanyang. The Confucian set of things cannot be spread in Nanyang. The result of expulsion is that several military towns of Dashun will be stained in a few years.

Moreover, Nanyang, India, and Luzon still have a lot of problems. The core area of ​​the basic plate must be strictly guarded, but the marginal area must be changed, an offensive rather than defensive approach.