New Shun 1730

This situation is also very obvious in Java under the rule of Dashun.

On the one hand, after the per-acre tax system, the conscription law, and the abolition of the forced planting tribute system, the agricultural output value of Java rose rapidly.

This is visible to the naked eye.

The output of cotton, indigo, coffee, rice, etc. has greatly increased compared to the Dutch rule.

On the other hand.

Dashun’s system in Java provides a good environment for Dashun’s capital.

Small land ownership? Capital likes this thing the most.

As long as it is privately owned, not a mess of village ownership, then it’s easy to say. You have it and have the title deed, that is, the final disposal right, then I have ten thousand ways to get your title deed.

Manipulate prices.

Lending.

Fraud.

And so on.

It is very easy to complete the annexation of land, and after the annexation, because of Java’s transportation conditions and Dashun’s demand for raw materials for the start of industry, the annexed land quickly moved towards the land management model.

This is the case for Dashun’s capital.

In itself, the normal development of small-scale land ownership is bound to lead to polarization and mergers within small farmers.

This also contributed to the rise of some new local landlords in Java.

Their interests are basically the same as those of Dashun, and they are against the original aristocracy and feudal rulers in Java. Because their interests are based on the rule of Dashun and the system promoted by Dashun.

There is also a key issue here, which is the factor of Liu Yu's land reform in Banten in the early years: the old forces here are not even qualified to be united in Dashun.

Within Dashun, the land reform issue is really a matter of holding a turtle.

And in history, the reform of land ownership is often the result of local serfs, servants, and the lower classes, [long-term desire to return to the flow], [joyful and encouraged, willing to register as households and pay taxes], [victims of male slaves come back one after another], etc.

Indeed, looking at the traditional dynasty with the eyes of the 21st century, what do you think of it?

But in the 18th century, the French Enlightenment's big book [Oriental Utopia] is not without reason.

Therefore, Dashun's rule in Java, with the land reform in Banten as a model, was really sharpening the knife, and it had the support of the grassroots to a certain extent.

Moreover, because of Liu Yu's various actions at the beginning, the practical school on Dashun's side was quite radical in its governance. In addition, the military strength of the old forces in Java was not good. Not to mention that Java directly bombarded the capital, even some cities ruled by Dashun could not be attacked. So as Gangtie said - there would be no punishment if it was done, why not do it - so Dashun promoted the land system and production methods familiar to Dashun in Java, very quickly.

Dashun is not the Netherlands.

It is impossible to find 20,000 Dutch people in Nanyang, and have to maintain relations with local chieftains and even use Chinese as intermediaries to instigate conflicts.

Dashun is Dashun.

Nanyang is right at the doorstep.

There is no shortage of officials, troops, and native population.

Dashun cannot distribute land equally in Jiangnan, so does it dare not carry out land reform in Nanyang?

In a broad sense, even if the traditional dynasties' reform of Tusi was a kind of land reform? Of course, including the enclosure movement in Britain and the Jacobin land distribution in France, they all belong to land reform, and even the enclosure of the legal personal dependence of escaped slaves in the Qing Dynasty was also a land reform - it is a reform if it is changed forward; it is also a reform if it is changed backward.

From the perspective of traditional dynasties, this reform can be regarded as historical inertia and habit, and they don't want the local Tusi to be too powerful. If they want to reform Tusi, they have to deal with officials and kill local tyrants.

From the perspective of the capitalist class, this reform provided more raw materials for the start of Dashun's booming industry, and also completed the distribution reform in Java through this new mode of production, creating a larger market.

From the perspective of the Javanese feudal aristocracy... this, from their perspective, Dashun doesn't care at all.

Just like when Dashun reformed Tusi in the southwest, would it care about the opinions of local Tusi? Either accept or die, there is no other way.

In particular, Dashun learned from the previous dynasty - damn, frontier chieftains and chieftains, maybe one day they will become powerful - so in this matter, since the military reform, especially Liu Yu's military reform with a scale of several thousand people instead of a battle of 100,000 people, it is quite radical.

So, a series of operations started from the Nanyang, and now it has been decades, and the reform effect is remarkable.

Then, everything rushed in the direction familiar to Dashun.

It is familiar with the ruling method, taxation, and land system.

It is also familiar with rebellion, uprising, and resistance.

Historically, Britain made some changes to Indian land ownership in certain areas of India according to British agricultural methods.

Through land to determine ownership, agricultural taxes, and private ownership of land can be traded as commodities.

In fact, it is equivalent to making the traditional land deed model of Dashun.

Then, the British were confused.

Because of exploitation and heavy taxes, usury was rampant. And usury brought about land annexation. At the same time, according to the changed land ownership system: it is only natural to repay debts. If you have borrowed usury and have no money to repay, then isn't it natural for you to return your land to the creditor?

So, before and after the Indian uprising, a large number of poor landowners had no money to pay taxes or repay loans, so they could only hand over their land to the lenders. When the uprising came, the poor agricultural groups took the road of resisting the colonists.

Moreover, before and after the Indian uprising, there were many cases of poor people killing usurers and land annexers.

So that the British colonists were somewhat confused to find that [no class resisted us like the landless peasants] and [Indian peasants gradually evolved from hating the lenders and land annexers to hating the British rule]...

Yes.

The British were a little confused at the time.

And if the British were confused, what was there to be confused about in Dashun's view?

They would only think: Oh! Good! I am familiar with this, and I have rich experience in this.

So, this is actually a universal problem, that is, the universal problem of small peasant land ownership as Lao Ma said.

Because it is a universal problem of small peasant land ownership.

And Dashun imposed small peasant land ownership on the ruled areas.

So this general problem has evolved into a general and similar resistance.

This resistance was strengthened by the colonial view of Dashun.

Because the private ownership of small plots of land is itself beneficial to Dashun capital.

Private ownership facilitates transactions.

Small plots facilitate bankruptcy and lending.

This opens the door to mergers and acquisitions. In France before the French Revolution, you couldn't even merge because you couldn't figure out who the land belonged to. Various feudal rights were added to the land, and capital couldn't buy land clearly. The enclosure movement is like this. Since the private ownership of small plots of land will sooner or later be merged into large land ownership, what's the point of taking off your pants and farting? Directly force the collective land of the village community to be privatized. As long as I complete the merger first, I don't have to consider the resistance in the merger process under the private ownership of small plots of land. If the resistance is suppressed, the rest will either go to work in the factory or go to the North American plantation as a contract servant.

So, what is the purpose of Dashun's colonization?

Of course, it is for the interests of the emerging class.

If it is for the interests of the old landlords and gentry, what kind of people will be colonized?

So this is back again.

The interests of the emerging class, whether industrial or commercial, require Dashun to establish a land system similar to that of Dashun in the colonies.

For industrial capital, it needs markets and raw materials.

For commercial capital, private ownership of small plots of land is linked to exploitation, lending, and mergers.

At the same time, because of the progress of productivity, the development of technology, and the use of fertilizers such as bean cake and South American saltpeter, large land ownership can provide more raw materials.

And for this large land ownership production model, the bourgeoisie on the Dashun side naturally prefers to use people from Dashun who went to Southeast Asia.

On the one hand, the policy support from the court.

The contradiction between people and land is serious, so go to Southeast Asia as soon as possible.

In addition, in this new "frontier" area, the more the local population, the better.

On the other hand, in terms of work efficiency, religion, labor and other factors.

Those who merged land to grow cotton and indigo grass on the Dashun side also prefer to use the population from Dashun who went to Southeast Asia.

High cost performance.

In general, Javanese people, in terms of labor efficiency, are far behind the population of Dashun who have been farming for two to three thousand years.

So a painful situation emerged:

In the past, Java was a closed economy, and each village community was almost semi-independent. Their connection with the feudal lords was not deep. The village community system has not yet disintegrated, which makes it difficult for people in Java to have a vague national consciousness.

They only have a small consciousness of scattered, regional, blood or village clan.

And now.

Dashun promoted Dashun's land system, breaking Java's closed village economy, and the monetization of per mu tax promoted commodity transactions, making the economic connection in Java gradually closer.

Then, the model of Dashun was "first small pieces of land private ownership, then commercial capital annexed the land, and Dashun immigrants came to the annexed land to work"...

In addition to colonial policies, ethnicity, religion and other issues.

Java has gradually developed a vague national consciousness.

This consciousness originated from the reforms of Dashun in Java, which established small-scale land ownership and broke the closed economy of Java, presenting a situation similar to that in France: "The reforms of the Physiocrats broke the regional economy of France, but also caused unprecedented national food chaos in France - so France finally had the foundation to become a country."

The problems of lending and mergers that inevitably arise under the small-scale land ownership.

It was also magnified because of Dashun immigrants, religion, customs, etc.

In itself, small peasant land ownership has a natural resistance to capitalism: they are anti-feudal, but also anti-capitalist.

As a colonizer, Dashun was abstracted as the embodiment of capital.

Of course, the situation is not serious now, but the problem has been buried.

The Dashun School of Realism, the discussion on the economy in Dashun, provided a theoretical basis for Java.