portable space

There is no special purpose for going to the mountains today, so I can enjoy the magnificent scenery of the Qinling Mountains in my free time.

People with limited eyesight and people in the city will never be able to understand the shock of the towering mountains lying in front of them.

No matter north, south, east or west, if you turn around, the Qinling Mountains will fill your eyes.

Among the 100 gifts God gave to mankind, there are three mountains, one of which is the Qinling Mountains.

In a broad sense, the Qinling Mountains are a huge mountain range that runs east-west across central China. It starts from Baishi Mountain in the north of Lintan County, Gansu Province in the west, and is separated from the Kunlun Mountains by Dieshan Mountain. It goes eastward through Maiji Mountain in the south of Tianshui and enters Shaanxi. Between Shaanxi and Henan

The junction is divided into three branches, the northern branch is Weishan, and the remaining branch extends eastward along the south bank of the Yellow River, commonly known as Mangshan; the middle branch is Xiong'er Mountain; and the southern branch is Funiu Mountain. A small southern part of the mountain range extends from Shaanxi to Yunxian County, Hubei.

The Qinling Mountains in the narrow sense is the middle section of the Qinling Mountains, located in the central part of Shaanxi Province. It is said that the Taibai Mountain in the Qinling Mountains was the territory of the Qin State during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It was also the highest mountain range in the Qin State, so it was named Qinling Mountains. It was known as "Qinling Mountains" in the Han Dynasty, and because of

It is located south of Guanzhong, hence the name "Nanshan".

The Qinling Mountains have a total length of 1,600 kilometers and a width of tens to two to three hundred kilometers from north to south. It is vast, majestic and spectacular. It is located in Gansu, southern Shaanxi and western Henan, and a small part extends into northwest Hubei, forming two ends.

It is slightly tilted to the north in the shape of a "I". It covers an area of ​​about 120,000 square kilometers. The mountains are higher in the west and lower in the east. To the north of the mountains are the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain, and to the south are the low hills, red bed basins and Jianghan Plain.

The mountains in the western section of the Qinling Mountains are low, with peaks about 2,000 meters above sea level. There are Chengxian, Huixian, Liangdang and other basins sandwiched between the mountains. The East Qinling Mountains east of the upper reaches of the Jialing River run due east-west, with tight folds and huge mountains.

The valley is narrow, and the average height of the mountains is about 2,000 to 3,000 meters. The main peak, Taibai Mountain, is 3,767 meters above sea level. It is one of the few peaks over 3,000 meters in eastern China. There are ancient glacier relics on the top of the mountain. The Qinling Mountains are adjacent to the Weihe River Plain to the north, with a large fault in between.

Fault block structure tilting north to south.

The Qinling Mountains are the dividing line between the north and the south in terms of climate in China. They serve as a huge barrier to the winter and summer monsoons. The Qinling Mountains also block water vapor. The average annual precipitation on the southern slopes is more than 800 mm, while the precipitation on the northern slopes is mostly less than 800 mm.

The rivers north of the Qinling Mountains have small water volume, large flow changes, short flood seasons, high sand content, and freeze in winter. The opposite is true for rivers in the south. It is customary to divide the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River line, and the north is a warm temperate humid and semi-humid zone.

The climate in the south is a humid northern subtropical climate.

The natural landscapes in the north and south of the Qinling Mountains are different. The northern slopes are warm temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests and deciduous broad-leaved forests, and the mountainous Qinling scenic brown soil and mountain brown soil zones; the southern slopes are deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests containing evergreen broad-leaved tree species in the northern subtropics.

, yellow-brown soil and yellow-brown soil zone; subtropical economic trees are planted in the river valley basin, such as citrus, loquat, tung oil, camellia oleifera, palm, tea, tallow tree, Chinese fir, masson pine and cypress, etc.

The main ridge is located on the north side, with steep and short northern slopes and gentle and long southern slopes. The water system is also asymmetrical. There are many cross-valleys in the mountains, which serve as north-south transportation channels. The Baocheng-Chengdu Railway passes through the mountains along the Jialing River Valley. The Qinling Mountains have great influence on the movement of airflow.

It has an obvious blocking effect. In summer, it prevents moist ocean airflow from penetrating into the northwest, making the northern climate dry; in winter, it blocks the cold wave from invading southward, so that the Hanzhong Basin and Sichuan Basin are less affected by cold air. Therefore, the Qinling Mountains become the dividing line between the subtropical zone and the warm temperate zone. The Qinling Mountains

To the south, the rivers do not freeze, and the vegetation is dominated by evergreen broad-leaved forests, and the soil is very acidic. To the north of the Qinling Mountains is the famous Loess Plateau, where the average temperature in January is below 0°C, the rivers freeze, the plants are mainly deciduous broad-leaved trees, and the soil is rich in calcium.

Quality. The Qinling Mountains and the Bailongjiang River Basin still preserve contiguous forests, and there are rare animals and plants. Foping in Hanzhong is one of the producing areas of giant pandas. Walnuts in Shangluo area and angelica in Minxian County are famous for their high yield and high quality.

The natural landscapes of the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains are obviously different. The northern slope of the Yellow River Basin is a zone of warm temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests and deciduous broad-leaved forests. Due to long-term agricultural development, most of them are secondary forests. Flora composition and animal species in the Qinling Mountains The ingredients have obvious transitional, mixed and complex diversity. Among the wild animals, there are rare species such as giant pandas, golden monkeys, antelopes, etc., and the birds include the national first-class protected crested ibis and black stork. Qinling Mountains now has a national-level Taibai Mountain Nature Reserve. Protected area and Foping Nature Reserve.

The Qinling Mountains not only separate the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, forming unique Yellow River and Yangtze River cultures, but also nourish the self-improvement, restrained and profound Yellow River culture, embodying the courage and courage of China's five thousand years of historical development. The importance of the Qinling Mountains is not only It is reflected in the unique ecological system, but also in history and culture.

Among the ancient historical records of the Qinling Mountains, the first monograph describing the distribution of mountains in ancient China is "Yu Gong". In "Yu Gong", there is a theory of "three lines and four columns" about the mountains in China. The Qinling Mountains are in the middle and are listed as the middle line. Secondly, there is the saying of "Three Rivers and Two Rings", and the Qinling Mountains are divided into yin and yang of the earth; Kunlun has three dragons, and the Qinling Mountains are the middle dragon; Congling has three stems, and the Qinling Mountains are the middle stem, etc. Therefore, the Qinling Mountains were formed a long time ago , it became an important mountain range in the land of China. It is also known as the Chinese Dragon Vein, which suppresses the Chinese destiny.

Cultural sites from the early, middle and late Paleolithic Age have been discovered in the Hanzhong area, Ankang area and Shangluo area very early. It can be inferred that there were human activities in southern Shaanxi 1-200,000 years ago. In Yangjia Village, Majia Town The unearthed bronze tripods, chimes, ceramics, etc. show that ancestors have a long history of living in the Qinling area. Many primitive social sites in many counties in the Qinling area confirm the footprints of ancient human activities here.

"Historical Records" and "Hanshu" include "Nanshan Tanzhe; Tianshui and Longxi Mountains have many forests; Bashu, Guanghan, and Nanyi, and Qin Dynasty were considered counties, and the mountains and forests are rich in bamboos and trees; Wudu is full of Di and Qiang, all outside the southwest." Yi was first established by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty; Chu had records of the Han River, rivers, rivers, rivers and mountains and forests, or fire plowing, fishing, hunting and mountain cutting as its industry" and "praising the people of inclined wood, bamboo and arrows", which are enough to show that the forests in the Qinling Mountains were prosperous at that time. Agricultural planting, fishing and logging are the main production methods.

The cultural landscapes in the north and south of the Qinling Mountains also have their own characteristics.

There are Maijishan Grottoes in the western section of the Qinling Mountains. The mountain cliffs stand like a pile of wheat. Carving began in the Later Qin Dynasty, and there are 194 caves with more than 7,000 Buddha statues and more than 1,300 square meters of murals. They are the masterpieces of ancient sculpture art. treasure house.

The Guanzhong Plain to the north is known as the "Eight Hundred Miles of Qinchuan" in history. Human farming and settlement have occurred since the Neolithic Age. It is a famous gathering place of cultural relics and historic sites in China. To the south of the Qinling Mountains is the "Sichuan Basin, a land of abundance" with thousands of miles of fertile fields. The Qionglai Mountains and the Chengdu Plain are the birthplaces of the Shu-Han civilization. According to archaeological discoveries at the Sanxingdui site in Guanghan and the Jinsha site in Chengdu, as early as 3,000 years ago during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the ancestors of Shu mastered very advanced bronze smelting and jade processing. Craftsmanship is a wonder in the history of ancient Chinese civilization. The deep north-south river valley has been a north-south transportation channel since ancient times. The famous ones include the Chencang Road that passes through the present-day Baoji-Chengdu Railway, and the Ziwu Road from Xi'an to Ningshan. Baoxie Road next to Baoshui and Xieshui, as well as Tangluo Road and Zhouyang Road. There are many cultural relics and historical stories on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains and the southern edge of the Guanzhong Plain. There are the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin and many imperial tombs, including the Zhou Dynasty Feng Hao ruins, Qin Afang Palace ruins, Louguantai, Zhang Liang's tomb, Cai Lun's tomb and other historic sites. Zhongnan Mountain, located more than 40 kilometers south of Xi'an City, has beautiful scenery since ancient times. "The Book of Songs Qin Feng" has "What is there in Zhongnan? There are rules and regulations." The poem "Plum Blossom". Officials and gentry of the Tang Dynasty built villas here, among which Wang Wei's Wangchuan Villa is the most famous. Most of Wang Wei's beautiful landscape poems describe the scenery here. The Tang Dynasty poet Zu Yong's "Looking to the South" "Snow" has the poem "The Yin ridge in Zhongnan is beautiful, the snow is floating in the clouds, the forest shows the color of the sky, and the city is getting colder at dusk". There are also beautiful peaks such as Cuihua Mountain, Nanwutai, Lishan and so on nearby. More than 40 large and small temples such as Taiyi Palace and Laojun Temple were built, which are good places to visit and escape the summer heat in Guanzhong.

There are also seventy-two valleys on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains. It is said that the Qinling Mountains have high mountains and thousands of ravines, and the valleys should not be divided into north and south. Why is the saying "72 valleys in the Qinling Mountains" only on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains, and when did it start to spread?

This statement needs to be verified by historians. I think there may be two reasons. First, Xi'an (Chang'an) has been the capital of emperors since ancient times, and the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains is very close to Xi'an. The long-term historical immersion has created the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains.

Rich in history, geography, religion, and humanistic connotations, this is an area that has been continuously involved and fully developed by humans. Historically, kings, kings, and ministers used this place as a summer hunting place, literati and poets used this place as a place to seek tranquility and reminisce, and monks and hermits used it here.

As a place for self-cultivation, fugitives and refugees used it as a refuge, and traders and travelers used it as a road from Chongqing to Shu. Therefore, in order to distinguish the various valleys on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains, there are naturally relatively widely circulated place names; another

The ancients often used seventy-two to describe many, just like the well-known "Sun Wukong's 72 Transformations", "Workers, Peasants, Soldiers, and Businessmen", etc. 72 Valleys is just to describe the many valleys. In fact, if you look at the map or along the mountainside

If you count them in detail, you will find that there are far more than these 72 valleys on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains. However, because many of the valleys are relatively small (short) or not well-known, they have not been listed.

Qinling Mountains was called "Nanshan" in ancient times, "The Book of Songs" has "Jiebi Nanshan", "Yu Gong" called "Zhongnan Dunwu", "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" also called "Nanshan", etc. According to historical records, the name of Nanshan has a long history.

"Historical Records" said that "the Qinling Mountains are the great obstacle to the world". After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Dongfang Shuo had "the danger of the Nanshan Mountains to the world". Especially after Han Yu derogated Chaozhou in his poem "Where is the Qinling family in Yunheng", the name of the Qinling Mountains spread far and wide with Han poetry.

. Nanshan is also called Zhongnan Mountain, and Zuo Zhuan has it that "the danger of Zhongnan Jiuzhou Island". Gu Zuyu's "Minutes of Reading History Fangyu" said: "The Zhongnan Vein starts from Kunlun and ends with Songyue." During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty,

There is also Mao Fengzhi's "Southern Valley Oral Examination", "Starting from Tongguan in the east and reaching Baoji in the west, anyone heading north to the entrance of the southern valley will get one hundred and fifty." This is the mountainous area of ​​Qinling Mountains in southern Shaanxi.

Zhang Taiping recalled that the introductions about the Qinling Mountains he had learned on the Internet in his previous life were mostly descriptions of geographical distribution, climate and humanities. They were all official digital propaganda. There were not many descriptions of the natural landscapes deep in the mountains, or they were not included.

I don’t know much about that field.

Now that we are surrounded by mountains and directly face to face with the original ecological and natural scenery, we can personally experience the steepness, strangeness and majesty of the Qinling Mountains.