Reborn Business Tycoon

Chapter 681: Claim (12) 5. The principle of economic development, also known as the principle of encouraging economic development and economic reform. This principle aims to help and promote the rapid economic development of developing countries and is aimed at developing countries and

It is formulated by countries that are economically integrated to provide special preferential treatment to these countries. For example, the "Government Assistance for Economic Development" clause that allows developing countries to implement import quantity restrictions or increase tariffs within a certain range only requires developed countries to bear unilateral obligations.

Developing countries enjoy certain specific preferential "trade and development clauses" free of charge, and establish the legality and non-discrimination principle for developed countries to grant longer transition period treatment and generalized system of preferences treatment to developing countries and countries in transition.

This principle includes two aspects, one is most-favored-nation treatment and the other is national treatment. Members generally cannot discriminate among trading partners; preferences given to one member should also be given to other members. This is most-favored-nation treatment. This principle

Very important, it is the first article in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which governs trade in goods, the second article in the General Agreement on Trade in Services, and the fourth article in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

.Therefore, MFN applies to all three trade areas of the WTO.

National treatment means that foreign goods, services and intellectual property rights should be treated equally with local ones. The fundamental purpose of most-favored-nation treatment is to ensure that other contracting parties outside the home country can compete fairly with enterprises from other countries in the domestic market under equal conditions.

The principle of competition and non-discrimination is the cornerstone of the World Trade Organization, an important means to avoid trade discrimination and friction, and an important guarantee for achieving equal trade among countries.

From the perspective of the overall structure and various principles of the WTO, it is extremely beneficial to the development of developing countries. The historical facts of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the WTO fully demonstrate that multilateral trade liberalization has brought great benefits to a certain member.

The interests of a country are far greater than the interests of a country's own unilateral trade liberalization.

Because when a country unilaterally decides to liberalize tariffs and non-tariff goods trade and open its service market, the benefits obtained mainly depend on the response of other trading partners to such liberalization reforms. If the response is good, that is, to

If other countries also grant concessions, the benefits will be greater; otherwise, the benefits will be smaller. On the contrary, under the WTO system, since a member's trade liberalization is carried out within the scope of obtaining the commitment of existing members to open markets, naturally

The actual benefits brought by this kind of trade liberalization reform are guaranteed by the WTO mechanism, and are not as uncertain as the benefits of unilateral or bilateral trade liberalization.

Therefore, multilateral trade liberalization is better than unilateral trade liberalization, especially for a large developing country like China. Moreover, in Yao Yi's previous life, in the early twentieth century, after China joined the WTO, its economy developed rapidly.

In just ten years, it has become the world's factory. That kind of achievement is almost unbelievable.

However, the current situation is different from the situation when China joined the WTO. Under the current situation, because the U.S. economy occupies an absolute hegemony in the world, if the Soviet Union can compete with the United States militarily, but

Economically, there is absolutely no way to compete with the United States. Therefore, economically, the United States, with its own economic strength, can be said to be overwhelming and has absolute say.

It is precisely because of this that the United States not only controls the political United Nations, but also controls the economic United Nations-the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (called the World Trade Organization after 1995). In the political United Nations, the Soviet Union can also cooperate with

Counterbalancing involves the power of the United States, but in the economic United Nations, the United States has complete control.

Regarding the establishment of the WTO, what the world may not have imagined is that the United States is the biggest stumbling block. The history of the establishment of the WTO is roughly as follows:

The idea of ​​establishing the WTO was proposed at the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944. At that time, it was envisaged to establish an international trade organization at the same time as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, thus making them a post-World War II

The “monetary-finance-trade” trinity of institutions that governs the world economy.

The Havana Charter signed by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment in 1947 agreed to establish the WTO. Later, due to the opposition of the United States, the WTO failed to be established.

In the same year, the United States initiated the formulation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade as a temporary contract to promote trade liberalization. After the Uruguay Round of negotiations on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was launched in 1986, the European Community and Canada formally proposed the establishment of the WTO in 1990, and in 1994

The GATT Ministerial Conference held in Marrakech, Morocco in April formally decided to establish the WTO.

From this history, we can fully imagine why the Americans opposed the establishment of the WTO, and at the same time why they initiated the formulation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade as a temporary contract to promote trade liberalization, which involved the relationship between the United States and Europe.

economic competition.

Europe at that time was in urgent need of economic development after the war. However, the damage caused by the war shrunk their domestic consumption power. At this time, the United States on the other side of the ocean was extremely rich. European productivity with talent and technology could

However, domestic consumption power cannot recover quickly, so they have taken a fancy to the huge consumer market in the United States.

However, Americans knew that if the WTO was established at that time, their domestic industries would be impacted by Europe. Especially at that time, European human resources were extremely cheap after the war and the products they produced were very competitive. Therefore, in order to protect themselves, Americans

interests, reject the WTO.

However, the United States also covets the market. Although Europe's consumer market has shrunk due to the post-war war, the European market still exists. When the U.S. market is relatively saturated, the U.S. government naturally wants to find sales for their country's products, so Europe

The relatively depressed consumer market has become a destination for Americans to dump goods, because except for Europe, other consumer markets are smaller.

Therefore, at that time, the Americans themselves initiated the drafting of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which was also an agreement for the dumping of goods in the United States that was beneficial to them. It was beneficial to the Americans and not beneficial to other countries. If the country that benefited more, it was definitely

Japan, because at the beginning, Japan was not only a vassal of the United States politically and militarily, but also economically. Therefore, Japan developed normally. It was only later that Japan had economic conflicts and contradictions with the United States.

, however, basically the economic structures of the two countries are complementary.

It is only 1991. It is not the era of the WTO that Yao Yi experienced in his previous life, but the era of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade controlled by the United States. In this era, can Yao Yi join the GATT?