Road to science and technology

The study of black holes came to an end, but decades had passed.

He Xi and Liang Bing, who represented the angel civilization, obtained the method of realizing light particle technology, while Yue Yuanzhou gained a deeper understanding of black holes.

Although it has not reached the point of creating a black hole battle star, the creation of a matter decompressor is theoretically feasible.

Extract from the one-way brane region what fell into the black hole but did not fall into the black hole, yes. It fell in but did not fall into the black hole. Matter that truly transcends the inner horizon cannot be extracted, because they cross that time and are infinitely close to the singularity within a ten thousandth of a second.

Now the Infrastructure has left the black hole and is moving forward quietly in the dark universe.

Hexi wants to return to the Angel Nebula. The angel civilization needs her, especially in this dark universe. Without her, Angel's technology would have made little progress, and Keisha planned to continue searching for Yan in the galaxy.

Kesha is very self-aware in terms of scientific research. She knows that she can't help much if she goes back, so she might as well continue to look for Angel Yan in the galaxy.

Liang Bing, on the other hand, was a little strange. He didn't say that he would go back, nor did he say that he wouldn't go back.

At this time, He Xi still seized the time to continue discussing the issue of black holes.

In fact, she was also very confused, and the time spent discussing with several knowledgeable people made her feel very relaxed. So she didn't want to leave right now, but she had to.

She faced Yue Yuanzhou and said: "Black hole evaporation theory shows that black hole evaporation will cause information loss, but on the other hand, information conservation is based on the basic principles of quantum theory, which is a universal conclusion obtained from unitarity. This black hole information paradox If it is not resolved, it will keep planting a time bomb for the entire theory.”

The unitarity she mentioned actually refers to the unitary operator. The unitary operator is a special operator, a bounded operator that preserves inner products on Hilbert space.

What she means is that if information is not conserved, then the entire set of unitary operators will be overturned.

"There is no problem with this. We believe that information is not conserved to the extent of a black hole, but it is conserved on the scale of the entire universe." Yue Yuanzhou answered directly.

By this time, the four of them had returned to the lobby of the Infrastructure and were sitting at a small square table, feeling as if they were chatting at home.

Liang Bing was smacking melon seeds in a nonchalant manner: "Why don't we conduct a black hole evaporation experiment?"

"There's nothing to do about that. We've already done experiments in this area."

"But."

Seeing that Liang Bing was so entangled with this problem, Yue Yuanzhou simply said: "Black holes will evaporate, but the evaporation rate is directly proportional to the temperature, and the temperature of the black hole is inversely proportional to its mass."

"That is to say, the smaller the mass of the black hole, the higher the temperature and the faster it evaporates. The black holes we observe now are basically giant, so their evaporation is pitiful, far less than the material they absorb. The increased mass. If you wait until a large black hole evaporates, the heat death of the universe is not far away."

Liang Bing stopped licking the melon and thought for a while and said: "Isn't there a small black hole? Just like the one just now, it is very small. We know that the evaporation of a black hole is formed by the positron and negative electron pairs generated by vacuum decay. When a black hole If the positron in the pair of positrons and negative electrons is sucked in, the black hole will lose the mass of one electron due to the annihilation of matter and antimatter."

"The electron will become a free electron and be ejected by the black hole in the form of a jet. In this way, the mass of the black hole has become smaller, and its surface area has also become smaller. Why don't we put a lot of antimatter Try throwing it into a black hole."

Oh, it turns out that this is what Liang Bing was thinking about.

Yue Yuanzhou smiled: "You can also try this in the future by finding a small black hole."

Some things still need to be tried by the angels themselves, and the Shenzhou civilization has certainly tried it.

Black hole evaporation does not violate the area theorem.

Because when the mass of a black hole becomes smaller, its surface area does not become smaller. Since the mass is proportional to the gravity, the gravity will also become smaller as the mass decreases. So the surface area of ​​the black hole actually increases.

The final fate of a black hole when it evaporates is not to disappear quietly, but as the mass decreases and the temperature increases, the evaporation becomes more and more intense. After this process reaches a certain level, the black hole will erupt violently. end.

So would this phenomenon contradict the fact that all the black hole mass is concentrated at the singularity?

It stands to reason that there is no mass in the inner horizon beyond the singularity of a black hole to its Schwarzschild radius, because the mass of the black hole is concentrated at the singularity.

The black hole singularity reaches the inner horizon, which is the radius R that has become the time axis. The entropy in this range, or time, always points to the singularity. Doesn't it mean that nothing can come out? Isn't it contradictory to the fact that the mass of the black hole will decrease?

According to normal thinking, this is indeed the case, but that is just the normal thinking of human beings. Moreover, the mysteries of the universe will not accommodate human thinking.

The universe exists objectively, and this is what is called the constant nature of nature.

But this is actually not a contradiction.

Because the solution of general relativity does not say whether the time direction of radius R points to the singularity or to the inner horizon. We think that pointing to the singularity is just because nothing that falls into it can come out, and the direction of time pointing outward is of course the white hole solution.

At the same time, the uncertainty principle tells us that you cannot know the position and speed of a particle at the same time.

But in a black hole, its position is determined, that is, at the singularity. In this way, its speed becomes infinitely uncertain, and this infinite uncertainty gives it infinite possibilities.

So it will even disappear from the singularity at super speed, and the mass of the black hole will evaporate and decrease.

It is said to have disappeared because at the singularity and R, space is no longer space, but time, so speed is meaningless.

The universe is so amazing.

Liang Bing's question only shows that the basic science of demons is not solid.

How can a god-level civilization that has not modified the rules of the universe violate the rules of the universe?

Yue Yuanzhou knew this very well, so when he heard that the brain-machine combination in the spiritual cage world could accurately calculate the position and speed of particles, he was not too surprised.

If there really is such a world, then this world must be the world of the legendary Buddha, because the causes and consequences there have been determined. How sad is a world without variables.

Yue Yuanzhou gained a lot from this black hole experiment. He also obtained a lot of relevant information, such as his understanding of the concept of information, black hole space-time dislocation, and reversal of cause and effect.

But some things don’t necessarily need to be told to the collaborator, so he only answered part of what Liang Bing said.

"Let's go. Fortunately, you placed the large insect bridge on the Orion cantilever, otherwise we would have had to walk for a long time." Yue Yuanzhou looked at the star map and quietly changed the subject.

"That was released when Yan came. It's a pity that Kesha still hasn't found any trace of Yan in that star field for so long." He Xi said immediately.

Yue Yuanzhou sighed after hearing this, but did not speak.

Regarding Angel Yan, he was already helping to search for it, but he couldn't find it. Sometimes he felt a little sympathetic to Ge Xiaolun. Yan traveled countless light-years away to find him, but not only did he not see him, but he disappeared.

Ge Xiaolun and Lan Xing don't know where in the universe they are now. It's so miserable.