Spoiling History: Starting from the Three Kingdoms

[Another reason why the Sinicization of Mongolia failed is that they learned too much and too much.

After all, one of the characteristics of Yuan Dynasty culture is miscellaneous. If the four famous works were born at this time, most of them could be mixed into one book. It tells the story of Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu who went to the Taoyuan on a snowy night to form a sworn brotherhood, and then together they protected Tang Monk and went to Rongguo Mansion to obtain the 108 magic stars. The story of general composition.

Mongolia followed the Western Expedition to deliver conquests and prestige, and the countries and tribes it conquered used the Western Expedition as a blood vessel to deliver Christian culture, Islamic food culture, and Tubo Lamaism culture to Mongolia, all of which had a profound impact on Mongolia. People have had a huge impact.

Moreover, compared with Confucian classics, the threshold for learning these religious cultures is much lower, and they are naturally more popular.

A typical example is Yuan Zhaozong, the second khan of the Northern Yuan Dynasty. On the eve of being driven out of Dadu, he still sighed:

Mr. Li taught me Confucianism for many years, but I didn’t understand its meaning. Monk Xifan taught me Buddhist scriptures, and I understood them overnight.

A typical event in this regard is the Da'an Pavilion Debate on the eve of the founding of the Yuan Dynasty in 1258.

The earliest origin of this incident can be traced back to 1220. At that time, Qiu Chuji, the leader of the Quanzhen Sect, went to Central Asia to visit Temujin on his way to the Western Expedition. At that time, Qiu Chuji was really eloquent and Temujin met someone outside Mongolia for the first time. Large-scale religions offered him an olive branch, and without hesitation Temujin granted the Quanzhen Religion three major privileges:

First, Quanzhen believers are exempt from all taxes.

Second, all religions under Mongolian rule were ordered to listen to Qiu Chuji's orders, with Qiu Chuji as the leader.

Third, as long as it is a land under the jurisdiction of Mongolia, Qiu Chuji can judge and educate people at will without any restrictions.

The three major privileges made Qiu Chuji the true "revered teacher of the emperor, godfather of the world, and national teacher of ten thousand chariots" at that time. They also enabled the Quanzhen Sect led by Qiu Chuji to usher in the great success of Mongolia at that time. With rapid development, in addition to building Taoist temples to convert Taoist priests normally, the Quanzhen Sect in major cities in Mongolia simply forcibly converted Buddhist temples and Confucius temples into Taoist temples, and Confucian monks were forcibly converted into Taoist priests on the spot. The conflicts between the two sides became more and more serious. sharp.

When the Quanzhen Religion was doing whatever it wanted, other religions also began to enter the Mongolian Empire along with the returning armies of the Mongolian Western Expedition. Among them, the Lamaism that made rapid progress was the Lamaism that actively surrendered and was willing to manage Tibet on behalf of the Yuan Dynasty.

Modern scholars have concluded that Mongolia accepted Lamaism firstly because of political considerations, and secondly because the living environment of both sides is a plateau with a cold and changeable climate, and they have the same conditions for worshiping nature.

Of course, another reason is that the purpose of Lamaism is simple and customary, which is consistent with the rough nature of Mongolia. Moreover, its religion and witchcraft regard the happiness of the world as the happiness of Nirvana, and regard the affairs of men and women as happy offerings. This is completely opposite to Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. The custom of obedience to nature was more suitable for the Mongolian ethical concepts at that time.

And the most important reason is that the privileges that Temujin promised to Qiu Chuji were too great. Originally, a southerner who was only worthy of being a slave could transform into a Taoist and complete a class jump as long as he joined the Quanzhen Religion. Even a Mongolian It can be tolerated, but other sects cannot tolerate it either.

So starting from 1254, Buddhism and Taoism began to have frequent frictions, and finally all the grievances converged in the Da'an Pavilion debate in 1258, where both sides brought out their best.

However, in this debate, first of all, the "Laozi Transforms the Hu Sutra" that Buddhism is pursuing so fiercely cannot withstand scrutiny. Secondly, the chief debater of Buddhism and the genius leader of Lamaism, Phagpa and Kublai Khan, have a close relationship. Moreover, the referees were all appointed by Kublai Khan. Thirdly, the Mongolian upper-level officials had determined to suppress Taoism, so in the end the debate ended with Buddhism winning and the seventeen Taoist leaders cutting off their hair and becoming monks.

After this incident, the relationship between Lamaism and Kublai Khan continued to heat up, and eventually became a more respected state religion after the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty. According to Yuan history records, within a hundred years, all the clans in the Yuan Dynasty were believers in Lamaism, and all the members of the Yuan Dynasty were followers of Lamaism. At that time, the imperial advisor could sit down, but all the generals, prime ministers, etc. had to stand.

The Quanzhen Sect and Lamaism are naturally completely different in terms of doctrines, but once they gain power, what they do is no different. Relying on their privileges to do whatever they want and annex land tenants can only be said to be basic practices. It can be regarded as digging a good grave for Dayuan. .

Of course, we must also admit that it was from the beginning of Lamaism in the Yuan Dynasty that the connection between Tibet and the Central Plains began to strengthen, and Tibet became a sacred and indivisible part of China, which is also very positive.

However, some people now believe that the loss of control of Lamaism is not unrelated to Kublai Khan, an outstanding politician, who fell into depression in his later years.

The reason why Kublai Khan fell into depression is similar to that of previous dynasties:

The foreign war was unfavorable, and he lost his wife and son in his later years. 】

"Aye, what did you learn so well?"

In the Manlu Palace, Li Chengqian suddenly felt surprised when he heard that his name was mentioned by later generations.

But the connected meaning made him a little confused for a moment. This didn't seem to be a compliment to him? But why do we say we have learned well?

Li Shimin's expression on this was unprecedentedly complicated. When he first heard that later generations were ridiculing the eldest son for following the Turkic methods, he naturally felt a little uncomfortable. He even wanted to knock Li Chengqian on the head.

But until I heard that Emperor Meng Yuan fell into depression after losing his wife and son, this idea completely disappeared.

Reaching out and rubbing his son's shoulder, Li Shimin thought of Zhu Hongwu's proud look when he introduced Prince Ming, and even felt a little envious for a moment. Then everyone in the Manlu Palace clearly heard the emperor ask:

"Chengqian, do you want to be the emperor?"

Because of the shock, Li Chenggan's body trembled for a moment, and he even wanted to bow and apologize out of habit. After all, he had read the Book of Han and knew about the Prince Li.

But the hand that his father had touched his shoulder just now was like an eagle's claw, grabbing him tightly, making him bend his waist at all, and when he raised his head slightly, he was greeted by his father's gentle and even smiling eyes:

"You are the prince, just speak boldly."

The fear that rose up in his heart for no reason was dispelled, and the image of the father who accompanied him to ride horses and shoot arrows, and to look at maps and talk about mountains, rivers, entertainment and festivals in the past two years became clear again:

"I thought so myself"

"With this ambition, you are worthy of being the prince of the Tang Dynasty . "

Li Shimin's smile faded a little, and what floated in his eyes was a sigh that Li Chenggan couldn't understand:

"A ruler should govern the people, and if he wants to govern the people, he must first know the people. This is why I said I would let you travel to Hebei before. "

"When you return from Hebei, you still need to go to the Western Regions. When Gaochang is conquered, you will return. "

"By then, you can follow the example of the Ming prince and participate in politics and learn how to govern the country. "

So Li Chenggan temporarily put aside his doubts, and his heart was replaced by excitement.

At the same time, Zhu Yuanzhang patted his thigh in the Huagai Hall:

"What Yuan Shizu experienced in his later years is pitiful! "