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After entering a class society, the deepest social root of religion's existence and development is that people are dominated by the blind alien power of this society and cannot escape it, and the workers' fear of the great suffering caused by the exploitation system and

Despair lies in the need of exploiting classes to use religion as an important spiritual means to anesthesia and control the masses. With the formation of classes, the emergence of state and royal power, religion also continued to evolve, from the original polytheism to the monotheism;

'Spontaneous religion' has developed into 'man-made religion'; from tribal religion to national religion or national religion. Due to the emergence of classes, class and class oppression has been formed, and religion has also given it to

The content of the class, the natural religion and religion gradually evolved into the religion that serves the interests of the slave owner class. It deified the royal power and the system of exploitation and became the spiritual weapon of the ruling class. Due to the development of social productivity, material wealth and surplus products also followed.

The number of people began to have private property in society. The wealthy families began to raise slaves and exploit slave labor, so that the slaves could produce more surplus products for them. This began to divide into two opposing classes, slaves and slave owners.

The slave owner class uses the state power in its hands to suppress slave resistance. In a slave society, the vast number of working people are not only oppressed by natural forces, but also increase the oppression of social forces. In order to get rid of this class, the slaves have not only been oppressed by natural forces, but also increase the oppression of social forces.

Oppression has been constantly rioting in history. The result of this slave riot is at most abolishing the old shackles and bringing new shackles. Therefore, people feel that the oppression of social forces is just like the oppression of natural forces.

It is difficult to understand and conceive, so I put my hope on religious beliefs, pray for the happiness of the 'after life' or the soul ascends to the 'kingdom of heaven' or 'the paradise' after death. With the evolution of slavery society, many weak ancient nations

Conquered or assimilated, and towards destruction and no longer exist. Some ethnic religions absorb certain doctrines of other religions and thus develop into a new religion. Some religions have been established with the establishment of the world-class empire and

It expanded to the outside world and developed into a world religion. This is the most complete form of the emergence of imperial religion in human history. It is the frequent political, economic and cultural exchanges between countries and regions around the world.

Reflection. The God it believes in is no longer a unique protector of a certain nation, but is considered the supreme ruler of the universe; its believers are not limited to people of a certain nation, and many people from different nations can believe in the same religion.

; It has systematic and complete doctrines, has strict church organizations and staff with systematic theological education. Due to the promotion and support of the ruling class, the world religion has developed greatly and has become the state religion of some countries, and has been to this day

It greatly influences the politics, economy and culture of these countries.

Religion is a result of the emergence and development of religions that have gradually improved as human thinking ability gradually improves during the long process of human beings understanding the world. It shows that human beings have developed from the initial inability to the ability to think about more complex problems in an abstract way.

A more complex problem, which indicates that human thinking ability has improved to a certain level. In a sense, whether it has religious concepts is almost a kind of between non-humans and people with abstract thinking ability in the modern sense.

Boundaries.

With the continuous development of human social productivity, with the continuous development of natural science and social science, people have gradually understood the laws of celestial bodies structure and movement, the laws of the origin and formation of the earth, the laws of the development of human society, etc. This is for modern times.

The establishment and development of natural sciences and social sciences have created conditions. However, the extinction of religion is later than class elimination and national integration, and it cannot occur overnight. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the inevitable surnames of religion and religion, the actual surnames and

Long-term surname, on this basis, establish our position and viewpoint.

The religious policy of the United States has always been regarded as a model for the West to deal with religious conflicts. In the 167th century, many Protestants in Europe could not tolerate religious persecution on the European continent and traveled across the ocean to the American continent.

The purpose is to pursue religious freedom and peace.

However, the religious freedom understood by these people who suffer from religious persecution seems to be only the freedom of their own sects, not the universal religious freedom. Although they hate the religious persecution of other sects.

, but once you gain freedom, you are not ruthless when suppressing heresy.

Just over seventy years after the Puritans on Mayflower settled in New England, a famous witch case in North American colonial history occurred in a small town in Salam, a small Massachusetts. In 1692, a girl from Salam was

Suddenly, the local doctors concluded that someone had performed witchcraft. This diagnosis caused panic in the city. People began to hunt witches throughout Salam, and hanged nineteen suspected wizards.

A man even killed a man with a stone. It was not until the matter was implicated in the mayor's wife in Boston that people felt something was wrong here and the witch case was settled. Salam is still the most famous ghost town in the United States; Salam

The Witch Case became a very disgraceful page in the history of American Puritans, so that Hawthorne, a writer born in Salam, was ashamed to have the same surname as his grandfather who participated in the Witch Case. And the "Red Letter" written by Hawthorne

In this article, we can also directly understand that the Protestantism in the United States did not understand what tolerance was at that time.

This madness and hysteria reflected in the Salam Witch Case shows that although the Puritans pursue religious freedom and tolerance themselves, when they carry out religious persecution, they are no less than their European predecessors. Therefore, the United States

Solving the problem of religious conflict is definitely not because the Puritan spiritual temperament contains elements of tolerance and freedom from the beginning. Whether it is the Puritans in Britain or other Protestant sects, although it may have given rise to the spirit of capitalism (Plymouth and Salam).

Mus have flourished rapidly, and Salam even started maritime trade with China very early), but it will never directly contain the seeds of religious freedom.

Not only is Protestantism not directly connected with religious freedom, but it is precisely the various factions of Protestantism that make the persecution of religions in Europe particularly fierce and cruel. The conflict between religions has been a problem of the world since ancient times.

The political and cultural efforts to resolve religious conflicts have never been interrupted. However, religious conflicts have truly become a fierce and urgent political issue that must be resolved, both in terms of religion and politics.

It is a phenomenon after the rise of Protestantism in modern times.

Take Britain as an example. It was originally intended to resist the power of the Roman Catholic Church that Protestantism in Britain gradually emerged and received the support of the king. However, since the rise of Protestantism, kings who supported the Gods and Protestantism took turns to ascend the throne, and would have persecuted differently from themselves.

The Protestantism in Britain was divided into different sects, and the sects persecuted each other. As a result, Protestantism, which was originally intended to fight for freedom, brought more religious persecution. A British gentleman was

The letter lamented that perhaps those persecuted Gods were right: "Persons for pure religious reasons are the first principle of Protestantism, and it is on this principle that Protestantism laid the foundation for its in England

The political cornerstone.”

Protestant advocates Luther and Zwingery were extremely disgusted with the religious persecution of the Roman Catholic Church at first, and vigorously advocated "conscience" and advocated justification by faith. However, their sects later combined with the state power.

In practice, he gave up the idea of ​​religious freedom. Many Lutheran and Zwengli countries tried their best to persecute the religious heresy they believed. For example, the Anabaptism suffered extremely bloody

Historians even generally believe that the persecution of Anabatism in Europe in the 16th century exceeded the persecution of the early Holy See by the Roman Empire. These persecutions directly led to the fleeing of many Abakarists in the Americas.

When these believers came to America, they were still scared of the persecution of religious persecution in Europe. However, what many colonists wanted to do at first was not to establish a country that tolerated multi-religious religion, but to build a country that only had itself.

The official churches of the denominations they belong to are no longer religious differences and religious struggles like Europe. So they enthusiastically spread religions in the New World. For example, in 1606, the Holy One was established in the colonies of Virginia.

The Guild became the official church in Virginia. They asked people to come to the church twice a day to suppress all different denominations. Anyone with public office must swear to the church. The colonial government also used taxes to support the church and spared no effort to punish the destruction.

Rest says, blasphemy, sins of the Trinity or God's teachings, and even sentenced the last one with the death penalty. Similarly, the Puritans who came to New England firmly believed that their religion was the only correct and perfect religion. They

To create a new unified church in the new world, they also used taxes to support the church, commanding people to go to the church, only believers have the right to vote, and all heresies were driven out of the colonies. The colonial political axe in Massachusetts Bay

Their legal provisions declare: "God will not allow any nation to actively tolerate any false religion." Official unified churches like Virginia and New England states continued until the period of the Reading War, and even the end of the 19th century.

.

From the situation in Europe, we can see that the root cause of the conflict between religious persecution and religious religion at that time was the combination of politics and religion. Doctrine differences between various religions were originally normal. If various sects coexist peacefully, in theory

Compete with each other and would not have caused bloody persecution. However, once a church is supported by the state or even respected as the state religion, it can use political power to maintain its own status of supremacy and persecute other religions.

The early American colonists believed in their religion as the only correct one. Their guiding ideology was to avoid religious conflicts by establishing an absolutely unified church on the New World. At its core, this is with the Roman Gods School.

The practices of European churches such as the Anglican Church are not fundamentally different. Moreover, although America was originally an uncultivated religious virgin land, persecuted believers for various reasons will come here to establish a unified church here.

The surname may be smaller than in Europe. Of course, when there is no connection between the colonies, it is not completely impossible to establish an official religion in a smaller area like Virginia. But such religions.

Ideals, which are undoubtedly in conflict with the Federalists' desire to establish a unified United States of America. Whether it is considered from the balance of the sects or from the establishment of a unified federation against the British Empire, to realize the

Tolerance and freedom have become the most necessary and only possible religious policy of a unified United States.

However, as Wright pointed out, the so-called religious freedom at that time did not face all religious freedom. Although the law of religious freedom effectively abolished the official churches in various places, religious freedom was only the Holy See.

Freedom among denominations, even mainly among Protestant sects. Even on Rhodes, although Jews and God-sects could inhabit and practice their own religious rituals, they had no right to vote and were not allowed to occupy public office.

The 1790 constitution of Pennsylvania no longer requires that only church members can enjoy public office, but they still require that public officials must believe in God and believe in future rewards and judgments. Pennsylvania's regulations are more open than Rhodes Island, in principle

People who allow Jews and God to enroll in public offices, but do not believe in religions in the Jewish system do not have this right. The most extreme example is Maryland, where public officials have to swear to God until 1961 when they were not allowed to be sweared to God.

It is considered unconstitutional and revoked.

If the religious freedom in the United States is completely attributed to the checks and balances of power among various sects, it is certainly unfair. How did America go from a Protestant nation to a United States of freedom of belief, and why is there such a strong Protestantism behind this freedom?

Color, there are more theoretical reasons here.

People remember the famous saying in the Declaration of Reading: "We believe that these truths are self-evident: all men are born equal, and they are given certain untransferable rights from their Creator, including life and freedom.

and the right to pursue happiness.--In order to protect these rights, the political axe was established among people. The legitimate power of the political axe comes from the consent of the ruled." The reason why the thirteen colonies in North America separated from the British Empire was that

The root cause lies in the “their Creator”. And the motivation for these thirteen colonies to support this declaration with confidence is also in God: “To support this declaration and to be faithful to the protection of God’s will, we

We are sure to guarantee each other with our lives, our property and our divine honor.” In this most important document in American political history, God’s will is used as the ultimate basis for reading and the establishment of a nation.

According to Becker, Jefferson's first draft was not like this, but: "We believe that these truths are sacred and undeniable: all men are born equal in reading, and from this equal origin, they have obtained

Innate and untransferable rights, including the preservation of life, freedom and the right to pursue happiness…” But after consideration, he added the words “they were given certain from their Creator”.

Adams changed "sacred and undeniable" to "self-evident."

Similarly, in the ending passage, there was no "and full of faith in the protection of God's will", which was added by the mainland conference.

This very short but crucial document was of course formed after careful careful consideration of words. Jefferson could not be satisfied with the statement of "innate", but must emphasize that this innate right

, it was given by the Creator, so that its sacred nature can be emphasized. After adding this modifier, Adams believed that the word "sacred" could be deleted. In addition, the Continental Conference should also emphasize at the end that they

The reason why they can be guaranteed with life, property and divine honor is because they are full of faith in the protection of God's will.

As Becker pointed out, the "Reading Manifesto" is the theoretical basis and is a theory of natural rights that has been very popular in the 178th century. The direct theoretical source of the founding fathers of the United States is the natural rights and society revised by John Locke.

Contract theory.

In "Theory of Political Axe (Part 2), Locke clearly pointed out that people in the natural state are completely free and equal, and self-preservation is an untransferable right given to everyone by God. The natural law theory in British political philosophy is directly

From the theory of natural law since Thomas Aquinas. According to Aquinas, natural law is the embodiment of God's will in nature. The reason why natural law is self-evident is precisely because it ultimately comes from God. Hobb

Although S and Locke's theory of natural law is very different from this theory in the Middle Ages, its basic structure has not changed. Hobbes's reasoning in "Leviathan" and Locke's theory in "Theory of Political Axe (Part 2)"

Logic is that natural law is important because it comes from divine law. This is the basis for the arguments made by the founding fathers of the United States when drafting the Declaration of Reading: These rights are untransferable and self-evident because they are the Creator.

Granted.

It is also based on this theory of natural rights that Locke talked a lot about the issue of religious tolerance. A letter he wrote in 1690, which is the well-known "On the Confucianism. Confucianism: A letter to a friend

》 is a classic document in the history of political philosophy and one of the most important documents discussing the issue of religious tolerance.

The writing background of this letter is exactly what the British gentleman mentioned above, a melee between the Gods and Protestantism, and the Protestantism sects. The prescription Locke prescribed for this chaotic state is "By Faith"

A combination of Protestant theology of righteousness and political philosophy of social contract theory.

First of all, Locke emphasized that faith and salvation in God are things in people's hearts and cannot be achieved through political coercive means. The sign of this soul thing lies in the piety and virtue of everyone from the heart, which needs to be in harmony

The struggle between one's own failure and lack. How can anyone who does not care about his own salvation care about others' salvation? Those who use violent means to force others to believe in are not out of love or friendship for others, but

It is out of the desire for power, which is a secular** that is very inconsistent with the spirit of the Holy See. Only pagans will use force to force others to believe in a certain religion. Church members must rely on rational surnames to make people good.

We have seen before that the Protestant sects have not only not weakened the persecution of religion, but have even greatly strengthened the persecution of religion. Why did Locke, who also started from the doctrine of Protestants, come to a conclusion that was completely opposite to these Protestants?

As Locke said, do these Protestants have no understanding of the true meaning of Protestantism at all?

In fact, Locke's understanding of faith and salvation is not fundamentally different from those Protestants who persecuted pagans. Locke also believes that only the faith of the Holy See is the only correct religion. Only the "protestant belief" advocated by Protestantism

"Yi" is the true and appropriate attitude towards religion; in the Protestantism, which is full of sects, he also believes that there is a difference between true and false. However, what is fundamentally different between Locke and those persecutors of religion is that he believes that the real

Church members should not force others to believe in the name of friendship, but should defeat or persuade other sects in terms of reason.

If those Protestants who persecut others are just out of the desire for power, religion is just an excuse for them to fight for power, this must be too simple [***]. Most sincere Protestants are originally out of pious faith.

Only then do we firmly believe that our religion is the only correct one; and the reason why they force others to convert is to be sincerely out of firm belief and want to help others obtain redemption. Otherwise, we will not be able to understand why those in Europe

The discriminated believe that the faith of the Holy See is the true faith, and among the sects of different denominations, there must be both right and wrong; the situation of sect disputes is not

It is conducive to the development of the pure Holy See. However, he believed that no sect could force others to convert to the religion by political means because of this. God did not give anyone such rights, and no one could arbitrarily believe that his own beliefs were

It is more correct than others. The final right to judge is with God. One of his important reasons is that since those heresies will be punished by God in the last judgment, why should people at this time interfere with their affairs and do this hard work

What about pleasing things?

Locke pushed the theological theory of "justification by faith" to the extreme. However, as we saw earlier, even Lutherans and Zwenglis failed to adhere to the position of separation of religion and politics, but fell into religious persecution.

In the trap, why did Locke and the American Lockeists implement the proposition of religious tolerance so resolutely? This also comes from his other set of ideological resources: the social contract theory.

Locke believes that people in the natural state have natural rights granted by God, but the natural state will inevitably evolve into a state of war. In order to avoid the state of war and at the same time safeguard these rights granted by God, people need to combine them into political axes and through social contracts,

Transfer certain rights to the politicians. However, those basic rights from God cannot be transferred to the politicians; not only do they have no power, but they do not have the ability to interfere with these rights, but can only protect them from the outside. In Locke's view,

Religious belief is of course one of the most important rights God gives to man. Then, only God has the right to interfere in human faith, and political axes cannot interfere. Therefore, "I think the following point is higher than

Everything must be strictly distinguished from the affairs of civil affairs and religious affairs, and correctly stipulate the boundaries between the two... In my opinion, the country is a society composed of people, and people form this society for

Seeking, safeguarding and enhancing the interests of citizens. The so-called interests of citizens, I refer to life, freedom, health and disease, as well as the possession of external things such as money, land, houses, furniture, etc. "Politics cannot and will not be

We should interfere in the issue of soul salvation, because, first, "no one has instructed the chief to take charge of the matter of the soul more than others. I can say in the name of God that he has not granted this power." Second,

"It is impossible for the matter of controlling the soul to be the civilian chief, because his power is limited to external forces, and the religion of innocence and salvation exists in the faith within the soul, and nothing can be accepted by God."

Third, "The things that the soul saves cannot be controlled by the officials, because even if the power of laws and punishments can convince and change people's minds, it will not help save the soul at all."

Although the Religious Reformation stipulated the basic position of justification by faith from theological perspective, the practice of missionary and development has allowed devout believers to continue to slide into the quagmire of religious persecution. The bloody struggle brought about by religious persecution.

, it cannot eliminate religious disputes. In view of this situation, the social contractor Locke clearly saw that to fundamentally eliminate religious disputes, one sect cannot rely on the method of eating another sect, but must make the sect.

Fundamentally separate from politics. The politics of religiosity and religion can embark on the most realistic and rational practical path, and the religion of religiosity and politics can return the soul's affairs to the soul itself, and

There is no need to rely on political weapons that do not belong to the soul.

Locke combined the theology of justification by faith and the political theory of social contract, and proposed the idea of ​​solving religious problems with the separation of religion and politics, becoming the first political philosopher to advocate religious tolerance. The United States has a profound Protestant tradition.

, and actively lay his own principle of founding a country based on natural rights and social contract theory, and the religious tolerance advocated by the state, of course, has a strong Locke color.

The founding fathers of the United States did not unanimously advocate religious freedom from the beginning. The religious freedom clause in the First Amendment to the US Constitution was finally formed after repeated running-in and debates by all parties.

The most conservative in religious issues are George Washington and John Adams. They believe that the official religious system will become the moral foundation of the new United States, so they resort to the teachings of the Holy See in many public places. Washington even made it clear that

It demanded that the American army should swear to God. Although they have no shortage of opinions on religious persecution, they still have to rely on religious systems to maintain social stability.

However, most of the founding fathers agree with religious freedom. Although they may be for quite different reasons, their basic concepts are upheld from Locke to the "Declaration of Reading" and the theory of gifted people.

That is, God has given people untransferable natural rights, including the right to religious beliefs. Those who emphasize the system are more emphasis on the official religious and church are worried about the destruction of the political affairs; those who emphasize religious freedom are more emphasis on political interference.

It will destroy people's religious beliefs. Therefore, most of them agree that religion and religion must be separated and religious freedom must be protected.

The first substantial measure on the issue of religious freedom should be the founding provisions of Virginia on the issue of religious freedom. We have seen earlier that the Anglican Church established in Virginia in 1606 was the first among North American colonies.

In response to this issue in Virginia, Mason, Madison, and Jefferson have successively tried to propose legal forms to protect religious freedom.

In 1776, Mason drafted the Virginia Declaration of Rights, which was a genius document in many ways became the blueprint of the Declaration of Reading. Article 16 of which expresses religious freedom and religious freedom, even more so the American Decree.

The original legal form of religious freedom. In Mason's draft, this article is written as follows: "Religion, or our responsibility to our Creator, and the form of dissemination, can only be dependent on the surname and persuasion of the people.

To guide, not by coercion or violence; therefore, in religious activities, anyone should follow the command of his conscience and enjoy the most full tolerance, and shall not be punished or restricted by the officials unless someone is in religious activities.

Under the guise of destroying social peace, happiness and security. This is the responsibility of all people to practice the patience, love and kindness of churchgoers." This document has been widely recognized. However, Madison believes that the Rock that Mason has used

The word "tolerance" is inappropriate. Because this word implies that some people or an institution have religious privileges, they condescendingly tolerate those who do not belong to the institution or sect. Therefore, the word does not

Taking religious freedom as part of natural rights cannot allow all citizens to enjoy full equality and freedom. So Madison modified this article to: "Religion, or our responsibility to our Creator,

And the form of spreading it can only be guided by surname and persuasion, not by coercion or violence; all have the right to conduct religious activities fully and freely according to the command of conscience; no one or the crowd should be because of the clan.

and receive certain salaries or privileges…”

Madison's draft not only changed the word "tolerance" in Mason's draft, but also pointed the finger at the Anglican Church, the official church in Virginia, and was opposed by many Virginians. So Madison had to take a step back and delete it.

But the final form of this document retains his modifications to Mason: “Religion, or our responsibility to our Creator, and the form of spreading it, is only

It is possible to guide the people by reason and persuasion, not by coercion or violence; all have the right to conduct religious activities fully and freely according to the command of conscience; this is the patience, love and kindness of the church members who practice each other

responsibility."

Jefferson, who referenced the Virginia Declaration of Rights in many ways, did not write religious content into the Declaration of Reading. However, in 1779, he proposed the famous bill to establish religious freedom in the Virginia Parliament.

, further advance the issue of religious freedom into specific legislation.

Jefferson first proposed the reason for advocating religious freedom: "First of all, people's opinions and beliefs do not come from their own will, but from external signs that their hearts can accept." This article was deleted in the later parliamentary document.

Go, but this philosophical proposition with obvious traces of Locke shows the complex surname of Jefferson's thought, that is, he does not advocate free will without principle, but passive acceptance of external things and free will of the mind

Combined. And the root of all this is in God. So he immediately said the second reason: "The Almighty God created a free mind and kept the mind free without any restrictions,

This proves his supreme will." Because God has given a free heart, "all attempts to influence the heart with worldly punishment, burden, and deprive citizens of the people will only develop hypocrisy and despicable bad habits, which is contrary to

Our sacred creator of religion, as the master of the body and mind, does not like to use means of oppressing either of the two to spread the sacred creator, although omnipotent

He is fully capable of doing so.” For the reasons mentioned above, Jefferson believes that legislators and rulers who impose faith on others and think their opinions and ways of thinking are the only correct standards, secular or church,

In fact, they are all ungodly, and they have established false religions. However, such legislators and rulers are all over the world and exist in most periods in history. People are forced to submit to churches they do not believe in.

Money is guilty and tyrannical; forcing people to support a certain religion is also depriving them of their inherent religious freedom. Undoubtedly, Jefferson here explicitly criticized the Anglican Church in Virginia, its missionary and taxation.

Method. Jefferson here explicitly criticized the Anglican Church in Virginia and its missionary and taxation methods.

Apart from claiming the natural right of freedom of faith, Jefferson, like Locke, resorted to the idea of ​​separation of church and state and criticized Virginia's demand for religious beliefs for public officials. He said: "Our civil rights do not depend on them."

Our religious insights are like not relying on our physics or geometric insights; therefore, a citizen is denied civil rights and claims that he does not know what he knows unless he shows that he believes in or does not believe in this or that religion.

The public trust and ineligible for remuneration is equivalent to depriving him of the privileges and interests he has as his fellow citizens of natural rights as he does. "Natural rights are originally from divine law, so depriving natural rights, and

It is to blaspheme the law of God, then, "by monopolizing the honor and reward of the world to bribe those who appear to believe and obey a religion, they actually corrupt the principles of the religion that they originally wanted to encourage.

.” He further pointed out: “People’s opinions are not the scope of responsibility of the civil affairs axe and are not subject to its jurisdiction; they allow the Chief Executive to abuse his power in the field of opinions, and they are not allowed to believe or spread, assuming that some principles or fragrance are not bright,

It is a dangerous mistake that will immediately call back all religions and religions." However, Jefferson still left a little room for the political axe to interfere in religious affairs in extraordinary times: "When some principles suddenly become blatantly destroyed

In the event of acts of peace and order, the Civil Affairs Axe shall require its officials to intervene for its legitimate purposes.”

The above arguments are exactly the same as Locke's statement in "On the Conscience. Church Tolerance". On the one hand, it is based on the understanding of "conscience. Church" like Protestantism, and on the other hand, it is based on the political philosophy concept of natural rights and social contract theory.

.So, Jefferson proposed on behalf of the State Council, “We, the Virginia Council, hereby stipulate that no one shall be forced to hold any religious liturgy, or fund any holy land or pastor, nor shall it be due to their religious opinions or beliefs.

If restrictions, coercion or torture are imposed on his or her personal or property, all people can freely express and adhere to their religion through reasoning. The views of religion must not be reduced, expanded or affected by this."

At the end of this bill, Jefferson pointed out that although according to the law, their parliament has no right to limit the actions of subsequent parliaments, and therefore cannot declare that the bill is irrevocable, he still emphasized that

What is announced is the natural rights of mankind. Whoever wants to revoke this bill in the future is an infringement of human nature rights.

The bill proposed by Jefferson received widespread support in Virginia. In early 1786, the Virginia Congress passed the bill. By this time, not only did Mason's vague concept of "tolerance" disappear, but Madison was also subject to

The content that had to be deleted against and had to be deleted was also added to the legal provisions. The issue of religious freedom first achieved fruitful results in Virginia.

In the U.S. Constitution adopted in 1787, there were no provisions on religious freedom, nor any provisions on individual rights. In the Constitutional Assembly, many representatives expressed their objections to this. General reactions to this at that time

Yes, the provisions on human rights are unnecessary, because the state does not have the power to restrict people's freedom. For example, the Constitution does not give the federal government the power to restrict speech, so why should the people have the right to freedom of speech?

There is no provision for the federal government to have the power to persecute religion. Why do we still require the people to have the right to have the right to freedom of religion?

Madison, the father of the U.S. Constitution, did not think that these rights were unimportant, but he still did not write the bill of rights proposed by the representatives of the state into the constitution because he was worried that this would give anti-Federalists the opportunity to raise their heads.

, undermine the advantages that the Federalists have gained and thus undermine the stability of the country. Therefore, although Mason and other anti-Federalists strongly called for the participation of the Bill of Rights, there were still no relevant provisions in the 1787 Constitution. (To be continued.)