Three Kingdoms

People say that you can't judge people by their appearance, but we often still habitually judge people by their appearance. Even though human aesthetic standards change with the times, in most cases, some clues can still be seen from history. Those with good looks can not only get more opportunities, but even save their lives. This is true for women, but it is also true for men.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a guy who was stripped naked and was going to be beaten. However, another minister passed by and saw his body of meat. He immediately turned around and found the king, saying that such a body of fine skin and tender meat could not be wasted, so Almost absolved...

So, good looks always have advantages, either you take advantage or others take advantage of you. Even if you come out to hang out, you have to pay it back after all. Just like Confucius, after he was lifted up to the sky, it was natural that he would be miserable when he fell down.

Confucianism can still be regarded as Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. But if it waits until later dynasties, when Confucianism becomes Confucianism, even the emperor will not be able to say a bad word about Confucius. Therefore, Fei Qian wanted to be able to clarify this point from the beginning, and pass on this idea through the Han Dynasty gentry children, these Confucian children who studied scriptures. Confucius was a human being, and he was a person who made certain achievements. A contributing person, not a saint, a god.

Confucius himself did not judge people by their appearance, and he often didn't care much about others' evaluations of him. Even if he was said to be a lost dog, Confucius laughed and was not angry. On the contrary, those in later generations who claimed to be his disciples People are anxious to get angry and can't listen to a bad word.

According to Fei Qian's judgment, the unique appearance on Confucius' head was actually caused by malnutrition in childhood. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, what ideas could there be about eugenics and eugenics? Whether you can survive or not depends on God. Just like the unique appearance of Qin Shihuang, it is also due to the body deformation produced during his long proton career. He is not the bones of a saint or a great man...

In the Han Dynasty, there were also many people who suffered from physical deformation due to childhood or long-term labor. After Fei Qian went out, he asked Huang Xu to send people to the surrounding areas and brought several similar people over.

When Zheng Xuan saw it, he laughed and pointed at one of the common people who had a shape similar to the top of Confucius' head and said, "Mr. Shui Jing, is this also the bone of a saint?"

Sima Hui was obviously unhappy, but he looked at Fei Qian, shook his head, and said nothing more. Obviously, Sima Hui was still a little dissatisfied, but because of Fei Qian's identity and status, he didn't want to cause too much trouble.

Fei Qian smiled, waved his hand and asked Huang Xu to take him away. He did not pursue Sima Hui on the issue, but said to Zheng Xuan, "I heard that Mr. Zheng used Mao's poems for writing?"

Zheng Xuan's smile suddenly disappeared, he was silent for a moment, and nodded.

Sima Hui suddenly smiled a little more, looked at Fei Qian with interest, and then turned his attention to Zheng Xuan.

There are four schools of poetry passed down by the Han people, which are called the Four Schools of Poetry. The last three schools of poetry are Lu poetry, Qi poetry, and Han poetry. These three poetry schools were originally established in the Han Dynasty Imperial College in the early Western Han Dynasty. However, Mao's poetry then rose up and gradually replaced the status of the three schools. After Zheng Xuan once again wrote notes on Mao's poetry, Basically, the poetry of the three families was gradually lost.

Mao Shi refers to the ancient Chinese "Poetry" compiled and annotated by Mao Heng and Mao Chang, while Zheng Jian refers to Zheng Xuan's reinterpretation of Er Mao's annotations and called it Jian. On the one hand, it will be easier to understand if it is explained a second time after the annotation. On the other hand, Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan all admired Mao's poetry, which had a great influence, which later led to the gradual rise of Mao's poetry and the natural decline of the other three.

But the question is whether it is reading comprehension, which is always done from the heart.

Fei Qian also did some reading comprehension when he was a teenager. Some questions are correct, but some questions...

Ma Rong, Zheng Xuan and others have a characteristic. They are in the opposition party, and Mao's poems can also be regarded as "opposition poems", so they have a resonance with each other, especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty when the entire court gradually came to an end. In fact, as Ma Rong, Rong Zhengxuan already has some sense of worry...

At the same time, Ma Rong, Zheng Xuan and others had a deeper sense of worry than Jia Yi and Sima Qian in the early Western Han Dynasty, because after all, although Jia Yi shed tears and lamented the current social situation at that time, and Sima Qian was frustrated and wrote books, the Han Dynasty, after all, It rose again, turned the crisis around, and regained the glory of the Han Dynasty.

For Zheng Xuan and others, including Sima Hui, and many other great scholars at this stage, what they encountered was different from before. The entire court was currently in violent turmoil, and the entire country fell into a state of disorder. In the past, The glorious Han Empire is on the verge of collapse. Traditional beliefs have lost the power to maintain people's hearts, and new order and beliefs have not been formed. War, famine, natural disasters, corruption, and precarious conditions naturally lead to more thinking.

It can be said that Zheng Jian was born in such an environment, and also led many people in later dynasties to follow this path...

"Poems about Guan Guan..." Fei Qian looked at Zheng Xuan and said, "Mao's poems are annotated to express interest, and Zheng Gongjia has annotated them... It is said that this poem is "Happy to win a lady, to match a gentleman, love is to promote the virtuous, not to I wonder if this is the case?"

Zheng Xuandao: "Exactly, I am happy to win a lady. I think that a gentleman loves hatred and does not want to be lustful. I think about it all the time. I mourn the loss of a husband and wife. I don't want this person, and I don't want to destroy his love..."

Fei Qian didn't know whether it was acceptable or not, so he went on to say: "However, Duke Zheng also noted that the sentence 'I am happy that the lady has married a gentleman' means mourning for the graceful girl, thinking of the talented and talented, without any intention of harming the good. 'Sorrow' is a variant of 'heartfelt'." Is this a mistake...is this also the case?"

Zheng Xuan nodded and said: "The annotation of Mao's poem has an explanation for Yaoyao's sorrow, so the word 'sorrow' in a certain dialect is mistaken for 'heart'."

"So the poems written by Juan Er are not about the pain of lovesickness, but the happiness of those who are worried?" Fei Qian laughed and continued, "Taoyao is not about the joy of getting married, but about peace in the world and peace of mind?"

Zheng Xuan rolled his eyes, somewhat understanding what Fei Qian meant. He frowned slightly, but still nodded and said, "Well...exactly..."

Literature seems to have been inextricably linked with politics from the very beginning. It can be said that this is the tradition of Chinese literature, but it has also taken many wrong paths. The most important thing is that because they often focus on the role of literature in politics, they obliterate the original purpose of literature itself to convey emotions. This is also the root cause of many literary inquisitions in later generations. It's like "The book is turned over in the breeze", in which there are some who are arrogant and self-righteous, but to say that they are plotting against the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty is an overstatement. After all, the author was also happily serving as an official in the Qing Dynasty at the time, smiling and holding his salary. , has nothing to do with the bitter anti-Qing and Fuming righteous people, but it may be used to satirize those Eight Banners disciples who don’t understand anything.

Speaking of this kind of political interpretation, Mao’s poems and Zheng Jian can be regarded as the originator.

Just like the poem "Juan Er" mentioned by Fei Qian, it was originally an expression of lovesickness. However, Mao Shi said that this poem had a subtle meaning. It was not an ordinary lovesickness emotion, but the concubines in the harem were worried that the king would not be able to seek talents. So much so that I worry day and night...

The same is true for "Tao Yao" and the like. Basically all the Book of Songs, whether they are emotional poems or not, Mao Chuan and Zheng Jian all believe that they are related to politics. The superficial meaning of the poems is literal, and the deeper meaning is more important. of……

Just like the "Back View" in later generations, it was originally the most sincere expression of emotion, but someone must say that it reflects the collision and conflict between old morality and new ideas through a unique way of expression. Inheritance has special revolutionary nature and historical content, and has profound ideological connotation...

At that time, Fei Qian just wanted to express the orange in the orange peel.

So now that I have seen the founder of this kind of forced political explanation, well, I can’t say that Zheng Xuan is the founder. After all, there was an Ermao before, but Zheng Xuan is undoubtedly one of the important figures who made it shine, so he said a little rudely : "If according to Zheng Gong's intention, all the poems in the world have small words, and all the songs in the world have great meanings? When a man seeks the love of a woman, is a king seeking a virtuous man? To think about sadness is to think about the injustice of the world? What everyone thinks , are all for the sake of the common people in the world, and what everyone says and does is for the sake of the family, country, and country?"

Zheng Xuan's old face seemed a bit uneasy, but Sima Hui on the side put his hands on his hands and smiled, "Okay! That's it! That's it! Open your mouth to see the beauty of today, shut your mouth to see the loss of today! Let me ask the ancients how they know the present? Articles are about the past. , how can they all be beautiful? The ancient poems express their feelings in the ink, and convey the meaning in the articles. They do not rely on official words or political power, and they are autobiographical through the ages! How can there be those who all refer to the court? Kangcheng! This is yours. Go ahead!"

Sima Hui was frustrated before, but now he felt happy when he saw Zheng Xuan being picked on by Fei Qian.

Zheng Xuan argued: "Since ancient times, those who are good at birds and herbs have been compared to gentlemen, while those who hate birds and smelly things are mostly referring to treachery and slander. Using words to describe politics and using chapters to outline the principles are the great meaning of articles! Men and women love each other and miss each other, which is a small way! Could it be that Qiaoqi only pursues the small path and ignores the righteousness?"

"Haha..." Fei Qian waved his hand and said, "Let's not talk about the big roads and small roads for now... If I remember correctly, the two gentlemen don't seem to like prophecies very much, and they don't like the current students who often make subtle remarks. They all want to eliminate the redundancy. To seek truth, cut through the clutter and gather the key points..."

Zheng Xuan hesitated for a moment, understood what Fei Qian meant, and remained silent.

Sima Hui laughed loudly and looked at Zheng Xuan without saying anything, but he also pretended to be watching a good show. Sima Hui was also very dissatisfied with Zheng Xuan before. After all, no matter whether it was in the Han Dynasty or not, whoever had the right to interpret was the boss. Zheng Xuan had the right to interpret before, but now this authority is being questioned by Fei Qian. This naturally made Sima Hui put all the little unhappiness behind him.

Zheng Xuan took a breath, but did not look angry. Instead, he raised his hands and said: "So, if we talk about Hussar, how can we interpret the poem? Lu, Qi, Han and Mao all have similarities and differences, and there are differences in words, so how can we interpret it? ?" OK, you said there is something wrong with my annotation, so how do you think the Book of Songs should be annotated?

Since Fei Qian raised this question, he naturally had his own answer, so he said: "Lu, Qi, Han and Mao are all correct, but also different. It is not the fault of poetry, but the reason of different styles of writing... The explanation of the annotation is, Emphasis should be placed on text, not definition... As the saying goes, reading text is like drinking water. You know whether it is hot or cold. You can get what you want, so why not divide it into small and large roads?"

"The writing is different?" Zheng Xuan frowned and repeated.

Speaking of which, it is basically half of Qin Shihuang's fault. Basically, the original texts of some of the Book of Songs before the pre-Qin Dynasty are no longer available to later generations. It is not because Qin Shihuang burned books to harass Confucian scholars, but because after Qin Shihuang unified the country, he began to share the same text. The earliest Book of Songs was written in different languages ​​in each country. Therefore, in this process, some of them were naturally lost.

Since the Han Dynasty, scholars have begun to pay attention to the different texts of the Book of Songs, but they have not paid as much attention and special emphasis as Fei Qian did. Just like the text of "The Book of Songs" at this time, it is actually between modern and ancient texts, and it is even circulated by four schools. However, there are some variations in the text of the "Book of Songs" passed down by each school, and no one specializes in it. Explanations and studies on this issue are often done casually.

The pre-Qin documents are a long time ago, the text fonts have undergone several major changes, and the document carriers have also undergone several transitions, which determines that the reasons for the emergence of different texts are very complicated.

The reasons are roughly as follows: First, the different glyphs produced by the changes in the characters themselves. For example, during the Warring States Period, Qi script, Jin script, Qin script, Chu script and Yan script had certain differences in glyphs. Differences; Qin Shihuang unified the Chinese characters, changed the official script to regular script, changed the official script to regular script, and changed the popular characters into regular scripts, etc., etc., etc., all will produce some changes in the glyphs, thus forming different texts.

The second aspect is due to changes in characters, just like simplified and traditional characters in later generations. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, some fonts have undergone changes in radicals and radicals, and even some variant characters have been produced due to reasons such as avoiding taboos about kings. , "辗庄", this writing is "Zhanzhuan", and "辗" is a new word produced by later classification.

On the other hand, because the authors are of different ages, it is difficult to avoid typos and false characters, which also leads to problems in inheritance. Just like in the pre-Qin period, the usage of the two words "Bu" and "Fu" was Different, but by the Han Dynasty, such differences had been eliminated, not to mention the typos accidentally written during the copying process...

"For example, in "Zhou Nan Ru Tomb", in the sentence "Xie Ru Tiao Hung", the word "tiao" here should be "輖", which is the other word of "chao". Mao's note uses "tiao", which is also the word Qian. , so the form and meaning are both close..." Fei Qian explained with an example, "This is what we do, pass it on, and not limit it!"

"Both of you are full of knowledge, and both are extraordinary talents!" After being suppressed, he naturally wanted to praise him. Fei Qian continued, "It is common people to chew on words. We should follow the correct path of writing! In the past, there was Cangjie who wrote books, but Tian Yu Millet, ghosts cry at night! I wonder if there is a great sage who would like to correct the font, break the confusion, and pass it down through the ages?!"