Three Kingdoms

Perhaps too many things happened this year, too many swords and guns, the displacement from various places, countless people and things rushed together, and then in winter, I was finally able to put it down and be more leisurely. .

Time seemed to be frozen by the temperature. After the autumn harvest and the riots, Guanzhong entered a rare period of peace. Ordinary people re-established their longing for the coming year, especially after Feiqian distributed some benefits. After that, the mouths of ordinary people were somewhat glossy.

Really oily.

Gradually, the middle-aged man Fei Qian, who was greasy, distributed a bowl of oil to every household in and around Chang'an City who had been affected by the previous student riots.

Perhaps for many people in later generations, a bowl of oil is really an inconspicuous thing, and they refuse to eat even an extra piece of beef and mutton fat, let alone beef and mutton oil. But in the Han Dynasty, even Pang Tong, No matter the position, they will crave the intake of fat from their hearts, and ordinary people are even more scarce in fat.

Fei Qian sometimes wonders whether Pang Tong suffered from mental illness when he was a child, such as not grabbing the last piece of fat, which led to his special preference for fat now...

In the past, most of these beef and sheep fats were used for military purposes. For example, the blades of weapons and gun heads needed to be coated with a layer of oil to prevent rust. Leather armor and iron armor also needed oil, and even some other instruments also needed oil. It requires oil for maintenance, but this year, Fei Potential has slightly improved its technology and developed a new substitute. Naturally, these beef and mutton oils can be saved and become the welfare of the people.

For the children of the gentry, in this winter, they did not care much about the grease distributed by Fei Qian to the people, but paid attention to the "amnesty" edict coming from Xu County...

Wei Duan of the Senate has a sullen face every day, as if everyone owes him millions and tens of millions, but there are still people secretly discussing in meetings, speculating on how the Cavalry General Fei Qian will handle this matter. matter.

And today, a new person came to the Law Council, a new person who made Wei Duan feel very unhappy when he saw it...

Pei Yuan was very proud.

Just like some people often mistakenly think that a pit is an opportunity when they see it, Pei Yuan also thinks that his "opportunity" has arrived.

Fei Qian appointed Pei Yuan as a fake law counselor, specifically responsible for discussing the "amnesty", and then used this to determine whether to implement an "amnesty" for those students who made trouble.

Pei Yuan thought this matter was very simple, and even thought it was just a step for Fei Qian to be unwilling to obey the emperor's orders. After all, this amnesty was issued from the emperor Liu Xie. Even though Fei Qian had the Xijing Chancellery, he had to listen to the emperor's orders. However, Fei Qian might have thought that this amnesty was just a way of saving his face. He couldn't live there, so he asked Pei Yuan to provide a step up.

As long as Pei Yuan handles this matter well, then the word "fake" on his head can be removed...

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Pei Yuan took office as a new official. After reporting to the Shenlu Academy, he excitedly rushed to Qinglong Temple with the two assistants and three attendants who were newly assigned to him.

In the Senluyuan, Pei Yuan didn't get any good looks from Wei Duan. This is also normal. After all, the fact that Wei Duan's son was injured and disabled during the student riot could not be covered up? Naturally, most people are aware of the relationship? Although on the surface everyone expressed deep feelings about Wei Dan's disability. A regretful lament? But how do you actually feel? I am afraid that I know it best.

So, how could Wei Duan look good on Pei Yuan, who was in charge of the "amnesty"?

But it doesn't matter, Pei Yuan feels that he has everything in mind.

After all, the Han Dynasty was the dynasty that truly established the "amnesty" system. In other words, the amnesty in the Han Dynasty has made many people take it for granted.

The amnesty system existed from the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. However, it became a frequent political method after the Han Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, amnesty was granted more than 140 times, with an average of almost three to four years. There was only one amnesty, so Pei Yuan naturally thought that talking about amnesty was a "simple" task.

In the development process of Chinese civilization, justice naturally occupies an important place. And pardon, as an important part of the ancient judicial system, is not achieved overnight, but has a development process.

As early as the Pre-Qin period, there were legal codes involving the concept and cases of pardon, especially in the Han Dynasty. In the amnesty edicts, classic discussions of the Pre-Qin period were even cited as the theoretical source of pardons to prove the rationality of their actions.

Generally speaking, the theoretical basis of amnesty comes from the "Book of Documents", which is the saying that "there is no big deal to forgive". At the same time, the Han Dynasty was also a dynasty that emphasized auspiciousness, so as for the interpretation hexagram in the "Book of Changes", "A gentleman pardons his sins" is also one of the reasons for forgiveness.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, for political needs, various countries had some amnesty activities. However, no matter what, the amnesty activities during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period had certain limitations. They were only political behaviors within their own country, and truly became the so-called " "Amnesty for the World" only appeared after China was unified.

Although the amnesty system of the Han Dynasty did not formulate specific legal provisions, it was actually very large in terms of quantity and scope. It was a penalty elimination system that was effective throughout the country. Except for a few crimes, almost all crimes could be pardoned. , and at the same time, if the edict specifically states that crimes that should not be pardoned according to convention can also be pardoned, it means that under such circumstances, all crimes can be pardoned.

For example, during the reign of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, he granted amnesty twenty times, almost once every two years on average...

So, isn't it simple?

When Pei Yuan arrived at Qinglong Temple, he opened the grass stall and prepared to deal with the matter with a few casual thoughts. However, what Pei Yuan did not expect was that from the beginning, the direction of the discussion was beyond Pei Yuan's control.

Because the amnesty in the Han Dynasty was too casual, many nobles did not really agree with the amnesty. Of course, it would be good if the amnesty was placed on one's own head, but what if one's enemies were pardoned? Acceptable?

"...It is said that moral education is abolished and punishments are imposed. If the punishments are not met, evil spirits will arise. Evil spirits will accumulate at the bottom, and resentful animals will rise above. If there is disharmony between the upper and lower levels, the yin and yang will become violent and evildoers will arise. This disaster arises from a different cause. ...Therefore, I should forgive myself..."

This supports amnesty and is supported by Dong Zhongshu's ideas.

"There is a cloud in the poem: Shang and Yi are flying in the wings, and they are at the extremes of the four directions." The reason why a sage has the heart to rule the heaven and the earth is to understand the difference between good and evil, understand the difference between good and bad, and understand the meaning of human nature, so that it does not go against his nature! Of course, if there is no punishment, no redress will be given to those who have been wronged, and no justice will be given to those who suffer, then this is a harm to the country! 』

This was against amnesty, and also quoted Kuang Heng's argument as an argument.

"That's wrong!" Cleaning up evil and filth and making peace within the sea is the only way to create peace. How can we not forgive it? 』

"The number of forgiveness and atonement will prosper the evil and harm the good!" How can we forgive? 』

"When people are born, their nature is good, and they should be allowed to correct their mistakes and make a new start..."

"If you are pardoned after one year of age, your slave will be silent!" Who is good? 』

"..."

With buzzing and buzzing, supporters and opponents of the amnesty gathered at Qinglong Temple. Pei Yuan's head suddenly became three times as big as one.

The news spread back to the Husband's office.

Fei Qian shook his head and smiled, and said to Pang Tong: "No one mentioned the party prison, I'm afraid there are still concerns..."

Pang Tong nodded and said, "That's right!" 』

What Fei Qian prepared for Pei Yuan was this big meal called "Dang Jiao", an incident that made even the nobles feel painful when it was mentioned...

The trigger for the first party incarceration was a general amnesty.

In the ninth year of Yanxi reign of Emperor Huan, Zhang Cheng, a Hanoi alchemist, learned that the imperial court was going to issue an amnesty order, so he allowed his son to kill his enemies. His son went to kill him, and did not run away after the murder. He actively waited for the government to come to arrest him. He even declared that he would be fine, and the court would treat him like an amnesty.

As a result, it was Li Ying who handled the case at the time. He was very angry and believed that this was a cunning person who could not be pardoned. So even though he received an amnesty order, Zhang Cheng's son was executed.

And Zhang Cheng is not the only one who does this.

The eunuchs Zhao Jin, Hou Lan and others, as well as Zhang Fan and Xu Xuan, also committed evil crimes and deliberately committed crimes before the amnesty in the hope of escaping punishment. Not only Li Ying, but also local officials Cheng Jin, Zhai Chao, Liu Zhi, Huang Fu and others were not afraid of the powerful, and still dealt with these people according to law after the amnesty.

The eunuch, Zhang Cheng and others were naturally very dissatisfied, so the eunuch came up with the idea of ​​asking Zhang Cheng's disciple Lianxiu to write a letter to Emperor Huan, falsely accusing Li Ying of frequent contacts with imperial students and celebrities, forming cliques, slandering the court, and corrupting customs. Emperor Huan was very angry after receiving the letter from Lao Xiu, and immediately ordered the arrest of party members nationwide.

Taiwei Chen Fan refused to carry out the edict, which made Emperor Huan even more angry and imprisoned Li Ying and others in Huangmen Beisi Prison. This case involved more than 200 people, including Taifu Du Mi, Yushi Zhongcheng Chen Xiang, Chen Shi and Fan Pang. Chen Fan wrote a letter of extreme remonstrance and was dismissed from office for the crime of "not being the person to be summoned".

This is the first "party-controlled disaster" in history.

Of course, Emperor Heng was not fighting for the injustice against Zhang Cheng's son. The most fundamental reason was that "Prime Minister Quan" rejected "Imperial Quan", which made "Imperial Quan" feel bullied and launched a counterattack. Later, the imperial power even deliberately issued an amnesty again, and marked "Party members will not be pardoned" to show its authority.

Xun Yu naturally knew this, but the current amnesty was conducive to the rule of the Cao family, so Xun Yu used the amnesty as a means.

"After the amnesty, evil will continue and evil will continue. If you receive amnesty today and break the law tomorrow, why would you want to be pardoned? ” Fei Qian said slowly, “Nowadays, etiquette and discipline are all in ruins, customs and morals are out of whack, and amnesty to those who do bad things is tantamount to encouraging unhealthy trends and is not suitable for troubled times...”

"There is nothing worse than pardon and redemption for a good citizen." ” Pang Tong also agreed with Fei Qian’s concept, “They are greedy and evil, ruthless and corrupt officials, plundering and killing innocent people, and infringing on the common people. If they are pardoned, the evil people will often be praised and praised, and the old thieves will hide and pass by. A filial son Seeing enmity but not being able to avenge it, seeing the dead owner but not being able to take it away..."

Fei Qian smiled and said, "Let's talk about it..."

Regarding the matter of "amnesty", Fei Qian has deeper considerations. Of course, at this stage, he will let Pei Yuan struggle for a while...

Fei Qian waved his hand and asked Pang Tong to hold some utensils in his hand, and asked Pang Tong to take a look.

"This thing..." Pang Tong moved his nose, obviously smelling some special smell, then he opened the lid of the bamboo tube and took a look, and blurted out, "kerosene?" 』

Fei Qian pointed to one of the bamboo tubes and said, "This is fire oil. The rest are all made of stone lacquer..."

Shiqi, also known as Shizhishui, is the ancient name for petroleum.

China is the first country to discover oil and begin to use it. Of course, this is due to China's good historical record tradition. Other nations or countries may have also used oil, but there is no written record to prove this.

In the "Book of Changes", it is said that "there is fire in the lake" and "there is fire in the lake", which means there is fire burning on the water, which is a phenomenon of spontaneous combustion of petroleum vapor on the water.

The first place where Feiqian obtained oil was in Shangjun.

There is a muddy water near Gaonu, Shangjun, and perhaps because the underground oil is brought out by the water flow in the gaps, some oil will float on the water, which can be collected with flannel and linen cloth.

However, Fei Qian has only used oil in the military and produced fierce fire oil. However, in fact, oil has many uses and has not been studied.

For example, the simplest one, the ink block made by collecting the black smoke produced after combustion is more delicate and soft than ordinary ink, and can be used to make the top layer of ink block. The original ink blocks cause great damage to vegetation, so if you switch to using petroleum ink, you can reduce the impact on the ecological environment to a certain extent.

At the same time, burning oil for heating also played an important role in the current Little Ice Age. In a cold environment, even dry firewood and coal are not easy to ignite, but adding kerosene makes it much more convenient. Moreover, these two new burning heating species, oil and coal, are now risking their lives to use all their strength. Using it will probably only cost a drop in the bucket for future generations, but it can avoid the felling of Guanzhong vegetation to a certain extent. If it can form a social habit, maybe the rivers of future generations will not be so yellow?

Looking at the row of several bamboo tubes in front of him, Fei Qian felt a little emotional, "You can get something like this by boiling it with stone lacquer. If there is not enough, it will cause fire, burn and destroy, I don't know how many times..."

Engaging in scientific research is really not an easy task.

Although Fei Qian had learned about distillation technology in his junior high school chemistry class, and even knew that petroleum, gasoline, kerosene, asphalt, etc. are the products of aromatic hydrocarbons with different boiling points produced through distillation, but Fei Qian could not remember how to do it. . The junior high school chemistry books simply drew an equal sign and noted the word distillation. However, when it comes to actual practice, it contains too many things and many unknowns.

Huang Yueying almost burned down the Husband's backyard...

"Um? "Shi Yuan is not allowed...it is not edible..." Fei Qian saw that Pang Tong seemed to subconsciously put some oil on it and put it to his mouth, and quickly stopped him. Fei Qian didn't want to name this oil "Luo Feng Oil".

Fortunately, Pang Tong only wanted to try the clear oil, and was not interested in the thick and pungent black oil.

Pang Tong put down the bamboo tube in his hand, then pointed to the other one and said: "The smell of this oil is okay...but there is a bit of a stench inside this tube..."

Fei Qian nodded and said, "These four kinds of oils are all made from stone paint." They are slightly different and have different uses. 』

Due to limitations of conditions and materials, Fei Qian could not carry out precise fractionation and refining of oil like later generations. He could only roughly separate and produce four different oils.

One very important thing is that Feiqian has separated grease that can be used as lubricating oil. After separating the clear oil that is easier to burn, the grease that is separated again will be relatively viscous. Although it can be burned, it is not flammable, so it can completely replace the lubrication of the original vegetable and animal grease.

Previously, all the lubricants and weapon maintenance oils used by Feiqian were animal fats, mainly cattle and sheep fats. Later, pig fats were added. However, most people in the Han Dynasty did not have enough meat to eat. Using animal fats for lubrication of utensils and maintenance of weapons is undoubtedly a relatively luxurious thing.

Now, lubricating oil refined from petroleum has replaced animal oil, so the saved animal oil can be consumed by more Han people to improve their physical quality.

Moreover, this kind of lubricating oil can be widely used in various machinery, including but not limited to workshop hydraulic equipment, various vehicle bearings and other mechanical load-bearing gears.

Of course, this also includes the ballista.

There are also steering bearings on four-wheel vehicles.

China has not developed four-wheeled carriages before. There are many reasons, but the most important point is that there is little need. The two-wheeled carriage is already sufficient, so there is no need for further upgrades.

However, Feiqian is different now. When the Western Region is opened up, a large number of carrying vehicles must be transported back and forth. However, relying solely on camels, horses and other animal power is undoubtedly insufficient. Four-wheeled vehicles with stronger carrying capacity will become An important starting point to solve traffic problems.

Another important oil is the extraction of the clear oil that Pang Tong wanted to taste.

Very flammable and lightweight.

Fei Qian thinks it should be similar to the one between kerosene and gasoline in later generations. It is lighter than the originally used fire oil, which means it can be used with trebuchets to produce an effect similar to gasoline bombs...

This is a very terrible weapon for attacking large-scale targets, especially sieges.

Pang Tong looked at it, then pinched the sparse beard on his fleshy chin and said, "My Lord, can this thing conquer the Western Regions?" 』

Fei Qian nodded and said, "A certain person has been sent directly to Yumen, and he will be able to reach the Western Regions soon." The foreign countries have built fortified cities in the Western Regions, and a strong attack will surely result in many losses, so this is the right time to do so. ’ Moreover, there is oil in the Western Regions.

Pang Tong's expression changed slightly, he took a breath, and said with a slight sigh, "So, the Western Region is settled..."