Three Kingdoms

Chapter 3284 Implementation and Trial

On the Emei Mountain.

Fei Qian stood with his hands behind his back, and Xun Chen followed him half a step behind.

In the distance, the mountains were green and lush, as if it was a beautiful painting of nature.

In later generations, the Emei Mountain was mostly barren, with yellow being the main color and green being the least.

At present, there are still many ferns on the Emei Mountain. These ferns, tall or short, occupy most of the area, so that if you look down from the air, the entire Emei Mountain looks like it is covered with a layer of soft green carpet.

However, these ferns, which seem to be extremely prosperous at present, are gradually degenerating after temperature changes and human damage...

Just like Hangu Pass was a pass that caused great headaches for the six countries during the Warring States Period, but it has become an ordinary city by the time of the Han Dynasty.

Due to different times, events, places, and people, there should be different changes in different situations.

Plants will evolve, and those that don't will perish. How long has it been since the last evolution of mankind?

Fei Qian, who was lost in thought, was interrupted by the letter delivered by Zhang Xiu's fast horse.

The events described by Zhang Xiu were indeed as Fei Qian expected.

Hedong and Hedong, the people and the people, are not exactly the same.

After reading it, after a little silence, Fei Qian handed the letter to Xun Chen.

Regarding the situation of the tenants in the Yuncheng Basin in Hedong reported by Zhang Xiu in the letter, Xun Chen also frowned, and after a moment of silence, he said, "My lord, I have heard that the sun is yang, and the moon is yin. There is a meaning for the rise and fall, and there is a law for the cloudy and sunny. The reason for the mountains and rivers is the flow of rivers. Mountains are winding and steep, high and steep, and the peaks are uneven, but they cannot block the sun and the moon. The river has ups and downs, and the edge is like a big river, but it cannot contain stars. Now the land of Shandong is like the sun setting when it is high, and the moon waning when it is full. The river is high and cannot cover the sky, and the river is deep and cannot contain the four seas. Such people are like shrubs in the mountains and rivers, and fish and shrimps in the rivers. How can they know the operation of the sun, moon and stars in the world, and how can they know right and wrong? 』

Fei Qian nodded slightly.

Xun Chen is indeed very smart. He even guessed part of Fei Qian's thoughts.

The land of Hedong can be divided into upper and lower parts along the line of Emei Mountain. The upper part is centered on Linfen Pingyang, and the lower part is naturally focused on Anyi Jiexian and other counties.

The area of ​​Linfen Pingyang was basically abandoned in the late period of Emperor Ling, so that Ding Yuan, the governor of Bingzhou at that time, hurried back when he heard that the central government had an opportunity. He didn't want to go back to Bingzhou at all. It can be seen that the area in the north of Hedong at that time was in a dilemma and hardship.

Compared with the Yuncheng Basin in the south, it has always been under the control of the Han gentry.

This kind of control is very similar to the way Shandong controlled the people.

After all, before Fei Qian came to Linfen Pingyang to build the academy and built the Qinglong Temple in Chang'an, the gentry in Hedong followed the pace of Shandong.

It is very difficult to change a person's habits, and it is even more difficult to change the customs of a place.

So the customs of upper and lower Hedong are very different.

What about the customs of Shandong and Shanxi?

Although Xun Chen's words do make sense, they are actually more comforting.

Fei Qian put his hands behind his back, looked at the vast land under the slope of Emei Mountain, and said in a deep voice: "In the past, Qin was the hegemon, and no one in the world dared not follow it. However, its defeat was like a landslide and could not be stopped. The reason why Qin was defeated was not that the soldiers were not strong, the soldiers were not brave, the generals were not good, and the laws were not strict. It was because it lost the hearts of the people and the hearts of the world. '

'The two words "people's hearts" are often not well explained. What is the heart of the people? At the beginning of Qin, the country was governed by law, agriculture was emphasized and commerce was suppressed, so that the people had no second will. However, when the world was pushed forward, some people said that the law was too harsh and the people could not bear it. Who could not bear it? Chen Wu shouted angrily, and he responded to the people's hearts in the world. What is this people's heart? Whose heart is it? '

'He who wins the hearts of the people wins the world, and he who loses the hearts of the people loses the world. The defeat of Qin was unknown. But now there is a car overturning, what can we learn from it? '

Hearing this, Xun Chen couldn't help but ponder. Of course, he would not say that the people's heart is the heart of ordinary people. After all, in the Han Dynasty, most of the ordinary people were ignorant, and they didn't even have a name, let alone understand the so-called political laws and regulations.

After thinking for a long time, Xun Chen bowed and asked: 'Please teach me, lord, what is the meaning of the word "people's heart"? '

Talk about the people's heart, talk about the people's heart, but what is the real "people's heart"?

To be honest, Xun Chen also has concerns.

If Fei Qian fights against Cao Cao, then there is no problem at all, but if Fei Qian is "crazy" and wants to do some land reform like "Classmate Wang"...

Fei Qian is farming and granting the people who are farming land, but Fei Qian is still the "big landlord" of this era.

In simple terms, it is like a cleaner in Fatty Supermarket earning 6,000 or 7,000 yuan. The capitalists will only laugh at the stupid fat man and then shout at the employees, "If you think it's good, then go ahead." But if Fatty Supermarket wants other capitalists to give the cleaner 6,000 or 7,000 yuan...

If Fei Qian gives those people who are farming their own or unowned land, then the aristocratic landlords will not say a word, at least not in public, but if all the landlords in the world want to give their tenants land, then it's a joke.

Fei Qian smiled, "The people's heart is not as precious as gold and jade, nor as gorgeous as brocade. It is the foundation of the country and the cornerstone of the country. What the people hope for is what the monarch looks for; what the people hate is what the monarch avoids. 」

Xun Chen smiled helplessly, and just wanted to say something, but his mind changed and he frowned again.

Fei Qian seemed to have said a lot of clichés, but if you think about it carefully, it contains a lot of truth.

What is the root?

What is the cornerstone?

What is what the people hope for and hate?

If the ruling class of a country does not know what the people hope for and hate, or if they force ordinary people to distort their hopes and numb themselves, then even if all the information about Chen Sheng and Wu Guang is deleted and blocked, the roar in the big lake is inevitable.

Fei Qian waved his hand, "The issue of people's hearts is very big, so let's talk about people's opinions."

Xun Chen couldn't help but exhale and nodded repeatedly.

These two words, it's okay to say them in a nutshell, but if anyone really goes into details, who wouldn't tremble?

"People's hearts have people's opinions, but people's opinions are not people's hearts. Just like a river to the four seas, one is the same as many. 'Fei Qian said slowly, 'However, the people's opinions in Han Dynasty are mostly wrong, and there are many who listen to one side and believe in one side, and few who are prudent and clear. '

This is not only true in the Han Dynasty, but also in many feudal dynasties. And what is very interesting is that the more ordinary people are, the easier it is to empathize with capital. This capital is not necessarily limited to the capitalists of later generations, but can also be landlords, nobles, powerful people, and aristocratic families who own a large amount of production and living materials.

'The discussion of salt and iron is to compete with the people for profit, regardless of right or wrong, regardless of gains and losses, and only by avoiding it can we stop. 'Fei Qian shook his head and said, 'However, if Han lost salt and iron, did the people benefit from it? What was the price of salt during the time of Xiaowu's salt and iron? What is it now? '

Xun Chen could not answer.

In the Western Han Dynasty, the price of salt was relatively cheap. In some years during the Western Han Dynasty, the prices of salt and grain were even equal or similar. After Emperor Wu of Han implemented the salt and iron system, the price of salt did increase significantly compared to before, but after the salt and iron monopoly was abolished, the price of salt did not fall immediately, but rose sharply.

There may be some inflationary factors in this, but if compared with grain, the price of salt in the early Han Dynasty changed from 1:1 or 1:2 to 1:5 in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and sometimes even 1:8.

So, it is obvious that the sons of the Han Dynasty gentry and the people criticized the government and abolished the state-owned salt and iron, but the burden on the people did not decrease, but increased.

What Fei Qian said is indeed a typical problem in China.

Emperor Wu of Han was not the founder of state-owned enterprises.

After all, in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period, even the flesh and blood business was state-owned...

But the interesting phenomenon in China is that once there is a conflict between state-owned enterprises supervised by the court and private enterprises, public opinion will support private enterprises without any distinction.

Even if this conflict is a normal business competition or dispute, they will support private enterprises regardless of the consequences.

If we really want to calculate, the exploitation of ordinary people by these aristocrats and gentry in the folk may be even more serious. The rent and tax exemptions and disaster relief in the court are often embezzled and divided by local officials and tyrants. When the local aristocrats and tyrants rose, how many of them were free of original sin? How many of them did not rise and grow by trampling on legal norms and violating social morality?

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But the problem lies here. The public opinion of the people is inherently inclined to these aristocrats and gentry.

Of course, there must be reasons that the aristocrats and gentry secretly guide public opinion, but more importantly, Dong Zhongshu equates the emperor with heaven.

That is, "All the people are guilty, and the guilt lies with me!"

The West blames God and Jesus for all the sins, while in the East, this "God" is the emperor.

No matter what happens in the world, no matter what the people are dissatisfied with, the final blame is the emperor, or the court under the emperor. As for whether these problems really belong to the court or the emperor, most people will not think about it.

Of course, since the imperial power has the highest and greatest power in the world, it also needs to bear the greatest responsibility, so it is decided that the saying "If all the people are guilty, the crime is mine" is correct. As the emperor, he must face all the dissatisfaction of the people and solve all the sufferings of the people.

But the problem is that these people are stupid enough to classify the middle class of the ruling class into their own chaotic and kind camp. They often regard the nobles and powerful as their spiritual sustenance, praise and boast about them, and empathize with their gains and losses, just like the old tenant farmer who is very sad about the loss of Mr. Wang...

This is not the first time that Fei Qian has encountered such a thing.

Before Cao Cao attacked Hedong, Fei Qian once took Fei Zhen to Yinshan in the north, and encountered a group of people stopping the carriage to cry out for their master.

Fei Qian did not blame those people, but then punished the gentry who instigated the people to cry out for justice, which stopped the drama of treating Fei Qian and the people as fools.

But such an incident also left a warning in Fei Qian's heart.

If Hedong is like this, what about Shandong?

An ordinary citizen, a tenant farmer who doesn't even have the means of production and living, is talking about the good of the gentry and the powerful?

Fei Qian believes that this is probably because the emperor is linked to God, just like the people always curse the thief God when they are helpless, which is a vent for their helplessness about their fate and pain.

But for the current Han Dynasty, is a centralized dynasty really the enemy of the people?

For the people of the Han Dynasty, is it better to have a strong centralized country or a Warring States period with fragmented governance?

History has made a choice, but the people are still confused.

Indeed, in the centralized dynasty system, there are many policies that make the people dissatisfied, or even deliberately exploit the people. But dissatisfaction does not mean that there will be hostile relations.

It is mainly the opposition and unity of contradictions.

Fei Qian increasingly feels that the knowledge taught in the junior and senior high school studies in later generations is really a magical tool...

Humans are social animals, forming a society with each other, dividing labor and cooperating, and then creating wealth. But since it is a division of labor and cooperation, there must be a certain order, and the order must be maintained by those in power, which will inevitably form power. Then what kind of organizational structure controls, restricts and supervises this power has become a different political system.

So we need to analyze specific issues specifically.

If Fei Qian said these words before he failed to occupy Guanzhong and did not make the Four People's Theory, anyone would probably laugh, and even if he said nothing, he would be disdainful in his heart.

After all, it is not appropriate to meddle in politics.

Now that Cao's army is in defeat, Cao Cao is just struggling to survive. Fei Qian's words about the family and state system and the principles of governing the country will give Xun Chen a different feeling. It feels like Fei Qian is far-sighted and looks ahead!

"My lord, you are right. The people's opinions are mixed and it is difficult to distinguish between good and bad. There are also traitors hiding among the people, using the name of citizens to do private things," Xun Chen said slowly, "I do have a plan, but I am not very thoughtful and don't know right from wrong."

Fei Qian stretched out his hand to indicate, "Just say it.

"My lord, since you have the four people's theory, my humble opinion, why not add the four people's discussion?" Xun Chen said while thinking, "Nowadays, there are many people who don't know right from wrong and don't know the reason. They are not stupid, but they are misled by the thieves. Scholars, farmers, merchants and artisans are mixed together, and the classics and prophecies are in chaos. The children of scholars do not understand agriculture and industry, and they also say such things. Ordinary people naturally have no way of knowing the truth, let alone the reason, so many of them speak nonsense and do not know what they mean. I think that we can add seats for the four classes of people in the Censorate, such as the system of Xia and Zhou, to return to the right path and match the name, or let the people know the difference and know the truth, so that scholars can discuss their studies, farmers can discuss their farming, workers can discuss their tools, and discuss their markets, and maybe we can avoid fraud and false politics. 』

Fei Qian heard this and couldn't help but jump in his heart, and immediately pondered.

Xia and Zhou are two very important dynasties in the ancient regime.

One is a combination of a single aristocratic tribal system into a royal system, and the other is a stripping of witch gods to become a real royal system.

It is said that the Xia Dynasty ended the "abdication" system praised by Confucian scholars, and then used it to criticize the cruelty and incompetence of the last king of the Xia Dynasty. However, in fact, the so-called "abdication" system is actually a struggle for the "alpha wolf" in the primitive tribe. The failed alpha wolf may not die on the spot, but the end may not be as wonderful as described by Confucian scholars.

The reason why the word "Huaxia" is called Huaxia is not only the superficial meaning of the word "Huaxia", but also represents that the core of Hua, Xia, Huaxia, Zhuhua, and Zhuxia is "Xia". This word is that in the Western Zhou Dynasty before the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou people used these two words to express their orthodoxy and the sense of national unity consistent with the Xia Dynasty.

Just like the Qin and Han Dynasties must mention Zhou, and the Ming and Qing Dynasties mostly mention Han and Tang, the succession of royal power must have its orthodoxy to be recognized by the world. If the throne is obtained through usurpation, occupation, and murder and other less bright means, it will mostly be despised by the world and it will be difficult to maintain stability in governance.

As the first dynasty recorded in Chinese history, the formation and development of the political system of the Xia Dynasty had a profound impact on later generations. The political structure of the Xia Dynasty not only includes the hereditary system, the bureaucratic system and the legal system, but also reflects the balance between royal power and aristocratic power. In this context, the political system of the Xia Dynasty can indeed see the prototype of an early parliamentary system, which is mainly reflected in the mutual restriction and balance between royal power and aristocratic power.

Qi, the founder of the Xia Dynasty, broke the traditional abdication system and established the hereditary system, which marked the beginning of the inheritance of royal power within the family. This system has guaranteed the stability and continuity of the regime to a certain extent, and provided an important reference for later dynasties. The Xia Dynasty established a relatively complete bureaucratic system, with clear division of labor and responsibilities of officials at all levels. This not only strengthened centralization, but also improved the efficiency of state management. The existence of the bureaucratic system enabled the Xia Dynasty to effectively manage state affairs and maintain social stability. In later dynasties, the system of division of labor between officials can still be seen, which can be said to have the shadow of the Xia Dynasty.

An important feature of the political system of the Xia Dynasty is the balance between royal power and aristocratic power. Although the royal power is the highest power, the nobles inherited the privileged status through the hereditary system and participated in the decision-making of state affairs, forming an effective constraint on the royal power.

This constraint later evolved into a struggle between the royal power and the prime minister's power, and then evolved into a power struggle between the royal power and the cabinet...

On the whole, the progress of human society is determined by the refinement of social division of labor and the depth of integration of social resources as a whole. It is a process from extensive to refined.

Some people say that the essence of Chinese governance is "holding meetings"...

In later life, Fei Qian also hated the idea of ​​holding meetings, but later he found that what he hated was not the meetings themselves, but the empty meetings, fake meetings, and meetings that did not involve any real matters. If you want to gather everyone's strength to solve practical problems, you must hold meetings. And this kind of "meeting", to some extent, is it also a kind of "political discussion" or "deliberation"?

So what Xun Chen said seems to be a direction of development of the political system?

Fei Qian thought about it and said: "If you say so, maybe we can give it a try. After the land of Hedong is recovered, we can set up a branch of the Remonstrance Office in Anyi to test its system. "

Although Fei Qian did not say it explicitly, it almost made it clear that Xun Chen was about to end his long-term history of living in Pingyang as the general manager, and he could officially be sent out to become a local chief official, otherwise where would the so-called "trial system" come from?

Xun Chen could not help but prostrate himself to the ground, touching his head to the ground, "I will not let you down! 』

Fei Qian stepped forward and helped Xun Chen up. Just as he was about to say something, he suddenly saw soldiers rushing towards him from a distance. It seemed that something had happened...