Great Country Academician

In the study, Xu Chuan moved the mouse lightly and opened his mailbox.

An email sent from the other side of the Atlantic was lying quietly inside.

It was sent by Edward Witten, and it is also the result of his and Deligne's joint research in the past three years on the unification of the strong nuclear force and weak electricity theory.

Although Witten stated that they are still quite far away in the theory of strong power unification, they have almost reached the end on this road, and it is difficult to deduce further.

But the theory jointly studied by two Fields Medal winners and two tenured professors at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton is a priceless treasure for any scholar who is researching the same problem.

After taking a deep breath and expelling the turbid air from his chest, Xu Chuan downloaded the paper in the email.

"Research on the Unified Field Theory of Strong Electricity Based on the Principle of Scale and Gauge Invariance"

"Improvement of the Standard Model—the derivation of the grand unified node, the normalization of mass coupling constants, and the treatment of magnetic moment anomalies of simple particles."

Clicking on the paper, the title and description came into view.

Xu Chuan did not miss a word and carefully read this 'inherited' paper.

As for how to mathematically unify the strong nuclear force with the electroweak theory, the current main research direction is the one studied by Witten and Deligne, which is derived from scaling theory and gauge theory.

Take the expression of electromagnetic interaction in the electroweak unified theory as an example.

Through a generation of fermions, the electroweak unified theory of the lepton part is established, and it is deduced that after electromagnetic interaction, the pull-type quantity of the free field is transformed.

Subsequently, the global symmetry was localized, ordinary partial derivatives were replaced by covariant derivatives, four gauge fields were introduced, and the interaction terms of the fermion field and the gauge field were given

Simply put, the whole process can be divided into three steps.

The first step is to write down the pull-type quantity of the free field and find the global symmetry it has.

The second step is to localize the global symmetry and introduce the gauge field;

The third step is to write out the complete localized pull-type quantity and separate out the kinetic energy term and interaction term.

This way all possible interaction forms can be obtained.

These three steps of derivation are relatively easy for scholars who have done some research in particle physics.

Generalizing this to both quark parts and complete third-generation fermions is relatively easy to do.

but!

This is only half of the electroweak unified theory.

Because all the above generalizations are based on the situation that particles have no mass.

Experiments have proven that, except for a very small number of particles such as photons, most particles themselves have mass.

Therefore, after completing this half of the electroweak unified theory, it is necessary to introduce the Higgs mechanism and spontaneous symmetry breaking to give mass to elementary particles.

This is the complete unified theory of weak electricity.

Sound simple?

However, it took more than half a century of theoretical physics to convert these theories into formulas.

In particular, its verification was not confirmed experimentally until 1983, at the end of the twentieth century.

It is so difficult to unify the electromagnetic force and the weak interaction force alone, let alone the strong interaction and gravity that follow.

On the unification of the three forces of strong and weak electricity, countless physicists and mathematicians have been accumulating bit by bit, confirming the forms of various interactions bit by bit, and perfecting the Higgs mechanism and spontaneity bit by bit. The broken symmetry and particle coupling led to the current situation.

Looking through the research of the two mentors, Xu Chuan absorbed the knowledge and theories he needed.

"Use EW theory to deduce the three most important parameters of the grand unified node, the weak electric coupling strength, the mass of high-quality particles and the strength of weak electric-strong coupling, and then prove that the three microscopic forces are unified under the mass of high-quality particles, achieving The standard model closed loop."

"This is a very good idea, but how to construct the Lagrangian after unification is the first problem that must be solved."

Looking at the paper, Xu Chuan whispered to himself.

Regarding the theories and ideas in the paper, with his current vision, it is obvious that he can hit the nail on the head and find the core problem.

Regarding the joint achievements of the two mentors, he does not believe that the two will get stuck in the first step. If that were the case, Witten would probably not send this paper to him.

Soon, the continuation of the paper confirmed his judgment.

"Interestingly, here they are citing the more fundamental symmetries in supersymmetry theory, stirring together fermions and bosons, and combining the Klein-Gordon and Dirac Lagrange invariants to proceed deal with."

"If this is the case, by extending it, we can construct uniform Klein-Gordon Lagrangian characteristics to a large extent, but it is only useful for massless particles and will need to be processed later."

The lights in the study were warm and the moonlight outside the window was bright. Xu Chuan was flipping through the papers given to him by his two tutors, mumbling and deducing unconsciously.

From his perspective, Witten and Deligne have not yet completed the work of unifying strong electricity. But there is no doubt that they have gone a long way on this road.

They constructed a unified Lagrangian containing all elementary particles, used the Klein-Gordon Lagrangian - the final vacuum expectation value to obtain the mass conservation equation between elementary particles, and introduced the mass coupling constant and determination Effect of effective mass on magnetic moment anomalies.

Although there are still many problems in this paper.

For example, how to calculate and confirm proton magnetic moment anomalies accurately based on isospin conservation;

For example, how to explain the deuterium magnetic moment anomaly caused by the combination of strong interaction and weak interaction;

Or regarding the impact of a single weak interaction and the combined impact of weak interaction and electromagnetic interaction, how to provide a plan for finding lepton magnetic moment anomalies, etc.

These are all issues that need to be resolved later.

But it is no exaggeration to say that if these theories and concepts were compiled into papers and published, it would undoubtedly be a major earthquake for the theoretical physics community.

If after the upgrade or construction of CERN or CPRHC is completed, the collider can be used to confirm the work that has been done in these theories, it may not be hopeless that the two of them can win a Nobel Prize in their lifetime.

After all, the unified theory of strong electricity is the biggest crown in the world of physics today.

However, just a few hours ago, Witten and Deligne chose to give this result to him to help him complete the unification of the strong nuclear force and the electroweak theory.

In front of the desk, the posthumous manuscripts from Professor Higgs and the research from the two mentors Witten and Deligne are like fragments that constitute the key to opening the door to the unification of strong electricity.

Although both are imperfect and many parts are just theories or speculations, for Xu Chuan, this is enough.

It was enough to help him save countless time on the road to unifying strong electricity.

In the study, Xu Chuan focused all his energy on the white manuscript paper in front of him.

The ballpoint pen in his hand glides smoothly across the paper, leaving wonderful characters one by one, as if every stroke is a poem, and every word is a bright star, lighting up the whole world.

During the days when he was studying the unification of the strong nuclear force and the electroweak theory, all that was left in his world was this small villa and the countless formulas and theories displayed on the manuscript paper.

Xu Chuan was immersed in the research on the unification of strong electricity, and more than a month passed like this day by day.

Although for him, spending a month, two months, or even half a year or more on a certain problem is nothing.

But for people outside, being ‘missing’ for such a long time inevitably makes people a little worried and anxious.

At the foot of Purple Mountain, the weather in mid-May was unpredictable. It was sunny in the morning, but it was already raining heavily at noon.

In another small villa in the villa group close to Xuchuan Villa.

Zheng Hai walked out of the room with a towel on his shoulders, his hair half dry and half wet, and a cigarette in his mouth.

Tang Sijia, who was sitting on the verandah and reading a book, frowned, sniffed, and couldn't help but said, "Why did you come out without taking a shower after training?"

Zheng Hai shrugged, consciously stayed away from her, sat down on the verandah, and casually replied: "I'll go after smoking this one."

Xu Chuan studied in seclusion and stayed in the villa without going out. For him, the daily security and driver work can be said to be almost completely free.

In addition to daily inspections, I sweat profusely in the exercise room to hone my 'strength' and maintain physical condition.

Tang Sijia glanced at him, saw the cigarette in his hand, and complained: "If you smoke after strenuous exercise, you are not afraid of exploding your lungs."

Zheng Hai smiled, talked about cigarette ashes casually, and said, "Life is just a hobby, you can't just smoke cigarettes, right?"

Ignoring Zheng Hai, Tang Sijia closed the book in her hand, looked at the raindrops outside with some worry, and said, "It's been more than a month, why hasn't the professor come out yet?"

"After the problem is solved, he will naturally come out. If he hasn't come out yet, then it must be that the problem has not been solved." Zheng Hai said as usual.

"But he has missed the physical examination in the first quarter of this year for more than half a month."

Tang Sijia frowned and said, "Besides, if he stays in the villa like this and doesn't go out, whether he is sitting for a long time or thinking for a long time, it will put a lot of pressure on the body."

"What if something happens? Why don't we go in and take a look? We need to at least get to know his physical condition first, right?"

Zheng Hai glanced at her and said, "I advise you not to do such things while he is concentrating on research. If you interrupt his research, you may be able to leave your name in history."

"And there won't be any big problem if we delay the physical examination for a month or two."

Hearing this, Tang Sijia opened her lips and glanced at Xu Chuan's villa but hesitated to speak.

Although I am worried about the master's physical condition, if he really interrupts his research or thinking as Zheng Hai said, he will probably be able to "leave his name in history".

While Zheng Hai and Tang Sijia were chatting, in the study room of the villa, Xu Chuan's work on the unification of the strong nuclear force and weak electricity theory also came to its final moments.

Although the research process was not as smooth as he expected, he was still full of confidence in the final result.

If the unified theory of strong electricity is compared to a maze, then he is only one or two final turns away from the exit of the maze. It is only a matter of time before he finds the right way out.

". Applying the Calabi angle tool to the change of quark effective mass, we can get the result of anomalies in the magnetic moments of the octet state. This allows us to refine the physical meaning of the CKM matrix by using different experimental data from hadron decay, Obtain the unity of MNS matrix and CKM matrix."

That is: [COSθc=2m^mag-P_d-M^mag-N_d/M^mag-P_d+1/4∑jk（Mm^mag-J_d-M^mag·K_d)]

"From the perspective of the decay state, the two have the same structure and follow the same weak isospin conservation. The difference before and after is the difference between quarks and neutrinos."

In the study, Xu Chuan, whose hair and beard were messy, stared at the manuscript paper on the desk with a bright light in his eyes, and murmured softly.

"Based on supersymmetry transformations, the masses of scalar particles do not violate gauge symmetry, and their numerical values ​​cannot be determined by the symmetry."

“In the color superconducting state, the quarks in the color antitriplet state will form Cooper pairs in the momentum space, and the Cooper pairs will

Coordinate space is a loosely bound state of long-range correlations. "

“Moreover, as the baryon number density decreases, the attractive interaction between the quark pairs in the color antitriplet state increases, and the quark pairs will gradually form a true bound state, and there is also attraction between the quark pairs and quarks with opposite colors. interact to form baryons.”

".Based on symmetry breaking, the strong, weak, and electromagnetic coupling constants are unified at the 10^15GeV energy level at the Higgs mass. The electroweak unified coupling constant is 10^12GeV, and the strong coupling constant is. "

"To sum up: the unification of the strong nuclear force and the electroweak theory has been mathematically completed!"

The ballpoint pen in his hand stopped, and Xu Chuan gently picked up the thick stack of draft paper on the table.

After two lifetimes of hard work, and based on the foundation laid for him by countless predecessors such as Higgs, Witten, Deligne, Schwinger, Nanfang, etc., his unified theory of strong electricity was finally completed!

This is not his achievement alone, but the brilliance achieved through the joint efforts of countless people.

Looking at the paper in his hand, a satisfied smile gradually appeared on Xu Chuan's lips.

He thought of Professor Higgs's posthumous manuscript, and of Witten's steadfastness in leaving the paper to him, just so that he could see the more distant world.

Perhaps, this is the meaning of civilization.

Everyone is working hard to live out their short life and leave all the achievements they have made to future generations to inherit and learn from. Later generations will also grow on the basis of their predecessors and look up to the mysterious and unknown world.

Human beings grow slowly and repeatedly like this.

It’s really amazing!

PY trading book

Book title: "The old things I repaired became perfect"

introduction:

Can the puppet I built dance?

The ink fountain I repaired will direct the saw to cut wood?

The oil lamp I repaired makes all the lights in the room flicker?

In the dollhouse I built, the dolls run around and organize various performances every day?

No, why are the old objects I repair becoming refined one by one? !

Shen Le, a graduate student majoring in cultural relic restoration at University B, expressed panic. If you continue like this, I won’t dare touch this major anymore!

Who knows what it’s like to dance with a bronze tripod...