Meet the principal

It only takes a genius to remember the address of this website in one second: (Vertex Chinese), the fastest update! No ads!? In Reiner's hypothesis, the electron is no longer a specific and fixed particle, because people cannot detect its position and momentum at the same time , it is actually a particle that may appear within a range, and its probability of appearing at any point within this range is not 100%. By mathematically analyzing this model, a probability function can be obtained, and this probability function, Na called this the wave function.

At the same time, the description of the electron should no longer be described as an independent particle, but should be explained from the perspective of a wave function, and the electron becomes an electron cloud.

The electron cloud theory can well explain some existing problems. For example, in the analysis of the orbital spectrum of electron energy levels in the outer layer of atoms, although according to the past experiments of the mages, several obvious electron spectra can be seen in the corresponding orbits. Line, but outside of this spectral line, there are some more slender spectral lines distributed around it. In the past, people have always believed that this was due to the disturbance of experimental errors and was an abnormal phenomenon.

But according to the theory of electron cloud probability distribution, this is the truly correct phenomenon.

According to the probability distribution of the wave function of the electron cloud, the probability of the center position is relatively high and the edge is low. Therefore, the spectral lines that the mages originally thought reflected the orbit of the electron are actually composed of many spectral lines. The thin spectral lines at the edge are spectral lines where electrons may appear.

But this does not mean that electrons are really an illusory cloud. Reiner thought that electrons do have objective reality, but in the microscopic field, they show such a probability distribution state under observation, and in the macroscopic field , humans and other objects will not exhibit quantum phenomena.

At least not now.

The quill next to Reiner recorded his thoughts, and the text description and argument alone were several pages long.

Eventually, Reiner concluded a series of conjectures and hypotheses.

The first point is that the quantum state of a microscopic quantum system can be described by a wave function, which represents all the known information that an observer can obtain about the system.

The second is that the description of quantum systems is probabilistic. The probability of an event is the square of the absolute value of the wave function.

The third is the Inglen uncertainty principle, also called the uncertainty principle, which is that in a quantum system, the position and momentum of a particle cannot be measured simultaneously.

The fourth point is a known conclusion, that is, matter has wave-particle duality, and its material wave wavelength follows the description of Ingle's formula. At the same time, in an experiment, the particle characteristics or wave characteristics of matter can be demonstrated, But it cannot display the particle characteristics and wave characteristics of matter at the same time. In other words, in the same experimental observation, matter can only show the characteristics of either wave or particle.

The fifth and final point is that in large-scale macroscopic systems, the quantum performance of objects should be similar to the performance in classical magic systems, that is, macroscopic objects will not show obvious quantum characteristics.

At the same time, there is another very important concept in Reiner's point of view, which is the collapse of the wave function.

Simply put, microscopic particles follow the probability distribution of the wave function, but when observed, its wave function will collapse to a fixed value. It can be understood that the act of observation leads to the collapse of the wave function.

The state of the particle is like a thrown coin. Before it hits the ground, it may be heads or tails, which is determined by the probability distribution. Even after it falls on the hand and is covered, people still cannot determine the coin. Whether it is the front or the back, people cannot observe the front and back of the coin until they open their palms.

But even without observation, the coin will eventually have a head and tail, rather than always showing a probability distribution as described by the wave function.

To understand simply, the wave function collapse mentioned by Reiner is actually a process of probability convergence. Among the many possibilities of a particle, it falls on a certain possibility based on observation.

But all possibilities converge within the light cone of the world line, because the speed of light cannot be exceeded.

Once the wave function collapses, other probability distributions will no longer exist, and only the observed result will exist.

It is used to explain the phenomenon found in the large void, that is, there is an extremely high concentration of magic power in the large void. However, these magic powers usually exist in a quantum state and exhibit wave function characteristics. They cannot cause collapse when observed externally using conventional means. Therefore, we can only conclude that the magic concentration value is normal.

But once the detector goes deep into it and makes a thorough observation, especially when a mage directly observes through the projection, the wave function collapses, and a large amount of magic turns into reality, destroying the detector in an instant.

This process occurs in every detection, but when the mages observe directly through projection, the collapse is more obvious, and this can be detected by the instrument.

Here, Reiner also proposed the concept of strong observation and weak observation. Compared with simply using detection instruments to detect, direct projection observation is a strong observation. The disturbance of the quantum system by strong observation is greater than that of a weak observer. The perturbation of the system can be simply considered that some quantum systems have a threshold. Only observations above the threshold will cause collapse. Just as energy is discontinuous, even the behavior of observation is discontinuous.

Thinking of this, Reiner realized another problem, because although the strange phenomenon of the large void can be explained according to this theory, it is a macroscopic phenomenon after all, and quantum theory should not appear in the macroscopic world.

Otherwise, human beings will be a probability distribution that may appear anywhere in the world, and objective reality will disappear.

Reiner did not get an answer to the contradiction in this. He thought that perhaps it would be more likely to get an answer by leaving it to the legendary mages for discussion.

After organizing all his thoughts into words, Reiner breathed a sigh of relief, put away all the experimental equipment, returned to his room, and left the unstable demiplane.

"You're back."

Phyllis was still lying on the bed. Judging from her side, during the time that Reiner was doing experiments, Phyllis had finished reading the previous book and started reading a new one.

"Um."

Reiner nodded, and immediately began to combine and write on the parchment beside him, turning his experimental conclusions and conjectures into a brief paper.

"It looks like the result is not bad?"

Phyllis asked when she saw that Reiner was no longer as solemn as before.

"I can't say it's good, at least the results of my experiment have achieved it. But whether this conclusion is a good thing for the world, I don't know yet."

Reiner shook his head. Outside the window, the large void existed quietly and silently.