New Shun 1730

The pedal iron wheel flying shuttle loom cannot be regarded as a large factory machine. It is a standard handicraft and a family handicraft configuration.

But the production of this handicraft machine itself is part of the industrial revolution.

The steam engine can drive a larger blower, a larger blower provides a higher smelting temperature, a higher smelting temperature increases steel production, and more steel production can be used to produce this handicraft machine.

But whether it is the steel industry or this iron wheel flying shuttle loom, the source of its profits is ultimately those cloths that facilitated the cold immigration of Northeast China and completely defeated Indian cotton cloth in Southeast Asia.

In fact, according to the original historical technical level, this kind of family handicraft loom, which is the technical level of 1800, if it is popularized throughout the country.

Then, at least at the original technical level when the First World War broke out, machine cloth still had no chance of winning - not foreign machine cloth, but even domestic machine cloth produced in the country and completely free of tariffs.

The industrialization of a country must match the times and its own special circumstances. Instead of completely copying the developed countries in history, because it is impossible to copy the population, per capita land, and rural economy of those developed countries.

Behind the Nantong 280-meter-wide cloth that has completely occupied the market in the Northeast, everything reflected and hidden behind it is that the Dashun Industrial Revolution has begun.

The original Asian cotton cannot spin cotton yarn with sufficient strength, and it is impossible to weave 280-meter-wide cloth.

The improvement of cotton varieties in northern Jiangsu solved this problem.

The original local spinning machine could not spin local yarn that could support 280-meter-wide cloth.

The cotton planting in northern Jiangsu and the spinning progress of Songjiang Prefecture solved this problem. Of course, the premise of the improvement of the spinning wheel is the long-staple cotton in northern Jiangsu.

The original amount of iron smelting could not support the demand for iron wheels for thousands or tens of thousands of pedal looms.

The emerging iron smelting industry developed from the steam engine solved this problem.

Relying on the already fragile small peasant economy in the Northeast region, and relying on the tens of millions of acres of sparsely populated land radiated by the Liaohe River water and ice transport, cloth was the ultimate link, which led to the profitable development of cotton spinning, iron smelting, and machinery industries.

The most important thing is the emergence of monopoly capital groups, which monopolized Dashun's long-staple cotton.

Whether it is long-staple cotton from Nanyang or northern Jiangsu, it is monopolized.

The long-staple cotton yarn required for wide cloth is naturally monopolized.

At the same time, ordinary families cannot afford the cost of pedal looms, and the monopoly of long-staple cotton yarn has led to the inability of people to buy alone, which also makes the package purchase system popular in southern Jiangsu and central Jiangsu.

How to minimize the impact of industrialization on small farmers?

That is to go to the countryside with the iron wheel machine package purchase system, relying on the Northeast Nanyang Japanese market, to achieve the upgrading of rural looms in Jiangsu Province.

In this way, the contradiction is transformed.

If the rural looms in the whole Jiangsu Province can be upgraded, then it should be said that the steam loom industry in Dashun will have no room for survival for at least 50 years at the current rate of technological progress.

However, the contradiction has changed from "the impact on the small peasant economy and the counterattack of the small peasant economy" directly to the contradiction between "the development of cotton cloth production and the insufficient amount of cotton and cotton yarn".

From the original possibility that the small peasants in the entire Huanghuai area and northern Jiangsu area went bankrupt and launched an uprising to resist the development of the new era.

It has become.

Either continue to expand externally; or after the external expansion reaches its peak, the emerging capital group kidnaps the entire population of Jiangsu Province, demands to eat up the domestic market, and disintegrate the small peasant economy in other parts of the country.

Every time an iron turbine is sent to the countryside, it means that the emerging capital group has kidnapped another family of people.

Moreover, this family of people will support the process of capital transformation of the whole country, that is, their iron turbine and wide cloth will destroy the process of one foot of cloth of the original small peasant economy.

Of course, when the family handicraftsmen in Jiangsu Province transform the whole country according to the will of capital, once they win, it also means their own demise.

They destroyed their allies in the sense of class, so when capital destroys them in the future, naturally no one will stand up to fight with them.

The power behind them to control when to support external expansion and when to eat up the whole country is the capital group that monopolizes the cotton yarn and long-staple cotton industry.

In other words, it is a visible hand that controls the output and destination of wide-width cotton cloth and determines the direction of impact.

Liu Yu said that it is good to go overseas now. Therefore, against the background of smuggling to Europe, replacing Indian cotton cloth with Nanyang, and Britain being forced by Dashun's smuggling to introduce a more stringent cotton cloth ban, the three-year cotton textile depression in Surat, India, was brewed, and this depression has continued until this year.

It seems that the iron wheel loom has entered the family, which has stabilized the small peasant economy.

In fact, it is just the opposite.

It looks very similar to the small peasant economy, with men farming and women weaving, but in fact, the small peasant economy in Jiangsu Province has been quietly disintegrated by Liu Yu.

Every family that used iron wheels to weave cotton cloth was actually an employee of capital, except that the workplace was at home instead of in a factory.

The entire process seemed free, but in fact it was under strict control.

Cotton from Southeast Asia and northern Jiangsu was ginned, deseeded, and rubbed in Nantong or Songjiang Prefecture.

Then it goes into the spinning workshop and is spun into long-staple cotton yarn that can be used to weave wide cloth.

Each buyer needs to reserve cotton yarn in advance, and then subcontract the yarn to the weavers who weave in their families.

After the weavers finish weaving, they get their wages - they have no right to dispose of the cloth themselves, so they can only give it to the buyer, and then spend their own money to buy the cloth.

After the buyer gets the cloth, he stamps and pays taxes.

It is difficult to evade taxes because the cotton yarn upstream is controlled, and the tax collection department knows how much cloth can be woven. The original cotton and local yarn cannot be spun into such wide cloth.

Where the cloth is sold seems to be free, but in fact it is not free.

The cut canal, the checkpoints set up in key places after the salt reform, and the cost difference between sea and land transportation all restrict the circulation direction of these cloths.

For those families involved in the iron wheel loom buying system, their production logic is no longer to use it for themselves and exchange the excess.

Its production logic has changed to selling labor to earn money, and then using the money from the sold labor to buy daily necessities.

However, this disintegration process is minimally invasive and painless for the self-cultivating farmers in Jiangsu Province.

Unknowingly, their identities have changed from small farmers to special hired workers under the system of purchasing.

Who has borne these pains?

The people of Hebei and Shandong who had to go to Guandong to survive under natural disasters and man-made disasters; the people of Huanghuai and Fujian and Guangdong who went to Nanyang with extremely high mortality rates; the general bankruptcy of the Japanese linen textile industry under the impact of cotton cloth; the cotton textile depression in Surat, India.

Whether it is going to Guandong or going to Nanyang, the process itself is painful.

Including Dashun's going to Guandong at this time, its process is more like a colonial company buying indentured slaves and going there to enclose land and grow beans, rather than spontaneous small farmers fleeing and expanding.

This is very different from the development of Northeast immigrants in history. The peak of Northeast immigrants in history was caused by the construction of railways, mining, industry and commerce under imperialist aggression.

Now, it is a profit-oriented planting industry that relies on the Liaohe River Basin and is funded by capital. It can also be called a soybean plantation or a grain farm.

In fact, the essence is still around the cotton industry. The capital in northern Jiangsu wants cheap bean cake.

The bean cake fertilizer is produced by root nodules and the root system adsorption of nutrients from newly reclaimed land, and the fertilizer effect is equivalent to 30% of ammonium nitrate.

Compared with the saltpeter mines in distant South America, bean cake is still cheaper as a fertilizer.

Cotton planting requires both slightly saline and alkaline land and extremely high fertility.

Although bean cake can be eaten, people who need to eat bean cake to make a living certainly have no money to buy it. This is the logic of capital.

The hunger of the people in other places in Dashun has nothing to do with capital. The capital of enclosing land to grow beans is not because soybeans have a higher yield than wheat at this time, can increase Dashun’s grain output, and save people from hunger.

It’s just because this thing is easy to grow, easy to harvest, and easy to sell.

This is also why the soybean planting area in the Liaohe River Basin has skyrocketed, but rice planting cannot even catch up with the Ussuri and Songhua River areas further north - there is nothing to transport from there. Unless the court uses the harsh policies of the Qin Dynasty to build a canal across the watershed, or the railway steam locomotive technology improves, it is better to grow something for yourself.

Before the railway was built, the land there was disdained by capital.

As for the sorghum in the northeast of Dashun at this time, most of it was just a by-product of soybean planting, because it needed to be changed to prevent the reduction in production caused by pathogens.

A soybean was planted in the land of the Liaohe River Basin by capital for the purpose of profit.

It matured in autumn and was harvested by agricultural workers. Due to the large-scale investment of capital in enclosure, horse-drawn harvesters and threshers became popular.

Planting a grain of millet in spring and harvesting ten thousand grains in autumn is basically an exaggerated rhetorical method.

But compared with the early European agriculture of planting one and harvesting five, soybeans can basically achieve planting one and harvesting eight because of their special self-fixing nitrogen.

One soybean becomes eight, and then the agricultural capitalists who have enclosed the land send people to the grain warehouses in the county that have developed in the surrounding areas.

In the grain warehouses in the county, paper money is exchanged for cloth, ironware, tea, sugar, etc.

And these eight soybeans are processed into soybean oil and bean cakes in the county.

Through the Liaohe River, the soybean oil and bean cakes of these eight soybeans are transported to Yingkou.

Loaded on ships and shipped by sea to Songjiang Prefecture.

The bean cakes are bought by the enclosed capitalists in northern Jiangsu and piled up in the enclosed and reclaimed land in northern Jiangsu, turning into fertilizer to nourish cotton.

The soybean oil is bought by industrial capital in southern Jiangsu and processed into candles, glycerin, and soap.

Then the cotton is transported to Nantong through the canal dug by Liu Bi, the King of Wu who provoked the rebellion of the Seven Kings of Wu and Chu in the Han Dynasty.

In Nantong, the cotton is deseeded, made into cotton, and packaged by the cotton combing machine and transported to Songjiang Prefecture.

In the workshops of Songjiang Prefecture, it was processed into cotton yarn and then sold to capital-rich merchants.

These merchants distributed it to families in Nantong, and the women in these families wove it into two feet and eight inches wide cloth.

These cloths were then recycled to Songjiang Prefecture and shipped to Yingkou together with candles, glycerin, soap, etc. processed from soybean oil.

From Yingkou, it went north to various counties, cities and towns and sold it for paper money.

Then it bought more soybeans, bean cakes, soybean oil, linen yarn, tussah silk, sorghum wine, wood tar, sorghum rice, wheat and rice.

Complete a basic cycle that takes about two years, thereby realizing capital appreciation, accumulation and profit.

It should be said that until this time... Dashun was the beginning of capitalism in the true sense.

This also makes it possible to call this the Industrial Revolution, rather than a variant of the Westernization Movement.