New Shun 1730

The foundation of the British Industrial Revolution and Industrial Revolution was the Agricultural Revolution that had taken place before the Industrial Revolution.

But Dashun did not need to learn this.

Or even if it had to learn, it should have made it clear what it meant, rather than trying to find a sword in a boat.

Because the two situations were fundamentally different.

The British were very proud to say that after enclosure, coupled with the Agricultural Revolution, the wheat yield per acre in Britain increased from 2.15 quarters per acre to 3.25 quarters per acre.

What does this data mean?

One acre is equal to 6 mu of land.

One quarter, as a unit of wheat weight after the Norman Conquest, was 512 pounds, about 450 catties.

To put it in easier-to-understand data, before enclosure and the Agricultural Revolution, the yield per mu was 150 catties; after enclosure and the Agricultural Revolution, it increased to 200 catties. But the statistical step of 200 catties was already 1800.

This data is meaningless to Dashun.

Because the agricultural revolution in a purely technical sense had been completed in the Western Han Dynasty.

150 jin per mu, and it is a single-season planting and fallow. Is this very high?

Looking through the phenomenon to the essence, for Dashun, the "agricultural revolution before the industrial revolution" with Dashun characteristics is to get an important commodity grain base, rather than to carry out a per-mu yield revolution.

Because in this era without chemical fertilizers, Dashun's per-mu yield has reached its peak and it is impossible to go higher.

The important thing is to find a place where the grain of a hundred mu of land can only be eaten by the whole family of the planter, and the remaining 70 mu is used as a commodity and enters the market for circulation.

On the other hand, the court will not return to the in-kind tax in the confusion after the influx of silver, but will be convinced that money can buy grain.

Some great Confucian scholars in the late Ming Dynasty believed that the system of the early Ming Dynasty was good and that Zhang Juzheng's one-whip law and silver currency destroyed the Ming Dynasty. In fact, it was the confusion after the influx of huge amounts of silver in the face of the influx of in-kind taxes, commodity economy, and the influx of huge amounts of silver. When people are at a loss, they will spontaneously react and trace back. Dashun finally overcame this confusion.

On the lower level, it enables industrially and commercially developed areas to plant cash crops and engage in industrial and commercial development, freeing them from the status of commercial grain bases of "a land of fish and rice" and "half of the grain produced by the imperial court".

"Grain-producing provinces" have never been a good term in the development of capitalism. For example, Henan, the three northeastern provinces, and northern Jiangsu in later generations.

But it is also an indispensable and important link in the capitalist system.

Three mu of land per capita cannot produce commercial grain. Because farmers must first ensure that they are full before they sell grain. After eating sweet potatoes, they still want to eat white flour buns.

Only places with 30 mu or even 100 mu per capita can be commercial grain bases. Because a person who grows 100 mu of land and a person who grows 10 mu of land eat the same amount of food.

The "agricultural revolution before the industrial revolution" with Dashun characteristics is to go to Southeast Asia and expand Guandong.

For Britain, the agricultural revolution and enclosure movement brought four benefits.

Cheap labor.

Provide funds for industrial development.

Provide food for towns.

Expand the market for industrial products.

Among them, the first two are the most important; the last two are basically just to make up the numbers.

The third can rely on the re-serfdom of Eastern Europe, and the fourth is that the small domestic market can't actually support the British industry.

However, for Dashun, the first two of these four benefits are useless.

Dashun has no shortage of cheap labor. There is no doubt about this.

The British textile industry, which was praised by later generations, had a customs export volume of 46,000 pounds in 1750, which was equivalent to 150,000 taels of silver, not the tariff volume. Until 1780, the British Parliament also issued a special decree to completely ban the import of Indian cotton cloth for 4 years. It was not just a tariff increase, but a comprehensive executive order ban - this is free trade.

The biggest gap between China and Britain in the 18th century was that Britain could levy a tax of 13.5% of GNP; and before Liu Yu's reform, Dashun could not only collect 14% of the gross national product, but also 1.4%, which was a problem.

No matter how bad Dashun was, it would not have only exported 150,000 taels of silver in cotton textiles.

It was even more impossible to impose an administrative ban on Indian cotton cloth at this point in time. It was too shameful.

In fact, the emerging class of Dashun did not lack the funds needed for industrial development. Especially after Liu Yu destroyed Yangzhou and forced capital to move south, it was even more lacking.

On the contrary, the third and fourth items, which were not very important to Britain, that is, providing food for towns and expanding the market for industrial products, were the primary agricultural problems before the Dashun Industrial Revolution.

Going to Nanyang and capital going to Guandong to enclose land, a series of foundation-building efforts by Liu Yu over the past 20 years were also to solve this problem.

The rice plantations in Nanyang and the soybean farms in Guandong solved these two problems.

At least, the fragile economy of men farming and women weaving in the Northeast and the extremely cold climate that could not grow cotton provided a domestic market for light industrial products in southern Jiangsu.

Fortunately, the Northeast is cold in winter, but really hot in summer, with rain and heat at the same time.

Cold winters mean a large demand for cotton; hot summers mean that grain can be grown in exchange for cotton.

The rice plantations and canals in Nanyang were abandoned, and the grain transported to the imperial court was transferred, which saved Southern Jiangsu from becoming a "major agricultural province".

At least at the court level, there was no need to worry about the food shortage caused by "changing rice to mulberry".

"Thanks" to the Dutch, they have been struggling in Nanyang for nearly 200 years, initially dismantling the village economy in Nanyang, and opening up the market for Indian cotton cloth in Nanyang - I hate to press gold thread every year and make wedding clothes for others. Nanyang directly inherited the Indian cotton cloth market in Nanyang, and Jiangsu cloth replaced it.

However, in the vast land from Shanhaiguan to Heilongjiang, there are no conditions for men to farm and women to weave, and for a small-scale peasant economy. It provides Dashun with a vast market for light industrial products covering millions of square kilometers, with maritime transportation and winter highways. Before the emergence of bearing and ball technology, the transport capacity of horse-drawn sledges with sliding friction was higher than that of wheels.

When all this was resolved, and with the comprehensive completion of Liu Yu's reforms in Jiangsu in the fifth year of Weixin, the Industrial Revolution in Dashun appeared naturally.

Along with the need to enclose land in northern Jiangsu to grow cotton and improve the land, the upstream and downstream development of the chain industry chain was triggered, which was the industrial revolution.

In Nantong, about 8,000 iron-wheel flying shuttle looms are added every year and flow into the villages around southern Jiangsu. At the same time, another 5,000 units entered the city's handicraft workshops.

In the Northeast, from Yingkou to Huanglong Prefecture, there are about dozens of large-scale oil presses, breweries, flour mills with steam engines driving stone mills, horse breeding, flax combing, tussah silk reeling, wood tar workshops, and along the coast every year. River's commercial service industry development.

The iron smelting industry developed in Gyeonggi and Tianjin must provide more steel every year for these oil presses, steam engines, iron wheel looms, horse-drawn threshing machines, etc.; the shipyards must provide more steel for the growing transportation capacity. sailing ship.

In southern Jiangsu, we need to produce more spinning wheels, cotton gins, and carding machines for this cotton; we need more dock workers to carry goods; we need to build more candle factories and soap factories for the oil industry; The gradually developing cities and wealthy population provided more glass windows; for these glass windows, more Glauber's salt was mined, or a larger sulfuric acid industry was established to provide raw materials for the primitive alkali production method.

In Xuzhou, it is necessary to provide more coal for the salt fields in Haizhou and the light industry in southern Jiangsu, and to purchase more steam engines for coal mine drainage.

In Songjiang Prefecture, it is necessary to allocate capital, enrich funds, speculate, and continuously invest in infrastructure construction for these gradually developing industries, such as the construction of the coal canal from Xuzhou to Haizhou and the horse-drawn railway track construction.

In Nanyang, it is necessary to provide jute, canvas materials, juniper and teak wood for the shipbuilding industry, which is in great demand; it is necessary to provide southern Jiangsu with the increasing conversion of rice to mulberry, conversion of fields to cotton, improvement of living standards, and rice needed for the capital. Provide more rice plantations, sugar cane plantations.

In North Korea and Japan, in order to provide paper produced by cheaper labor for the gradually increasing literacy rate in the developed areas of Dashun, the papermaking industry in Tosa and Pyongyang is one of the few industries that can still compete with Dashun.

It should be said that they have won Dashun in the paper industry. The price was that the sugar cane planting, cotton planting, Imari porcelain and silk manufacturing industries they tried to establish were completely wiped out in their infancy by Dashun.

In fact, any fantasy of directly mechanizing textiles, especially weaving, in China in the 18th century will be severely beaten by reality, and will be taught by the strongest small-scale peasant economy in the world, men farming and women weaving.

This gave me a deep understanding of what "the mechanical textiles of the Hubei Manufacturing Bureau founded by Zhang Zhidong could only sell cotton cloth at a price lower than the cost price, and it was almost bankrupt."

What does it mean that "only after a major disaster, when the land is thousands of miles bare and the land is barren, can it be possible to successfully improve cotton species and promote long-staple cotton."

And what is "warmth and tenderness"? Huainan's land reclamation due to the tradition of hexini eventually slid into the traditional tenancy system, which made the tenant farmers unwilling to plant long-staple cotton. Because under the forced land rent system, only the straw belonged to them, so they cooked one meal in three days. , transporting straw to Shanghai to sell - local cotton cannot be produced, and the fiber length is not enough, but there is enough straw; long-staple cotton cannot be planted closely and mixed with side crops, and side crops are not included in the scope of land rent." So it was improved to 1933 , the planting area of ​​long-staple cotton in Jiangsu has declined overall; 37.7% of Shanghai households use cotton straw for cooking and heating. The reason why it is so "low" is because of widespread poverty, housing area is too small, straw takes up too much space, and cannot be piled up. Don’t buy smaller coal.

Anyone who fantasizes about building a spinning jenny in China in the 18th century, or even imagines that this thing is the industrial revolution, will be severely beaten by reality.

A profound understanding of the reason why the Manchester Act, which is known as the beginning of the British cotton textile industry, was passed is that "the cotton cloth of Manchester and Lancashire is not real cotton cloth, but a variant of traditional woolen and linen textiles, because linen yarn and cashmere must be used as warp to get enough strength, it’s not cotton so it can get around the cotton ban”.

And what is meant by "Yarns from Jenny machines and water-powered spinning machines [can also] be used as warp threads, but cannot be used to weave plain fabrics".

The word "also" is very important. It doesn't matter to Britain, but to Dashun, this word "also" is even the key to the whole sentence.

All these national conditions of the country caused the emergence of capitalism and the industrial revolution in Dashun to cut off all tenderness, and Liu Yu took a ruthless hand.

Enclosed areas are land enclosures, and tenant farmers within the enclosed areas will be eliminated and are not allowed to rent.

Loans were maliciously provided to small farmers in the Huainan circle, and the land was requisitioned after five years of bankruptcy. All resistance was suppressed, and the heroic figures who led the resistance were shot or exiled. The participants were made indentured slaves and were purchased by capital and sent to northeastern Southeast Asia. It is even less possible to let small farmers cultivate wasteland with thin mud.

For the Northeast, we need to make a comprehensive economic vassal, increase soybean production, control the price of bean cakes, and let big capital fertilize the fields with nutritious bean cakes - at this time, for 90% of the people in the country, bean cakes are still a delicious nutrition - thus ensuring the enclosure of the land. The profits from cotton cultivation guide capital to enclose land and improve cotton seeds.

Let capital purchase machines and send capital to the countryside. Monopoly groups will control cotton yarn and implement a package purchase system to realize the replacement of handlooms in rural Jiangsu and realize the full control and exploitation of capital over the rural textile industry.

Completely destroying the prosperous city of Yangzhou for thousands of years, creating chaos, forcing capital to move south across the river, investing in the textile industry, infrastructure canal investment, Northeast enclosures, Nanyang plantations, etc.

A comprehensive inventory of land, an increase in the mu tax rate, and a reduction in grain prices have forced commercial capital to be unable to choose the "buy land and collect rent" model - either invest in other industries, or buy land to grow mulberry and cotton for business.

Violently suppressed petition gatherings by Confucian scholars who said "low grain prices hurt farmers", continued to implement the policy of destocking Nanyang rice and Liaodong wheat, encouraged imports, continued to drive down grain prices in Jiangsu Province, and forced "Su Changshu, the world's most abundant" place to undergo agricultural transformation .

The landlord has actually considered it. If I don’t charge rent in kind, then why don’t I charge monetary rent?

However, their consideration made the magical story of "Three or Five Dou Too Much" happen in advance.

[Why are you trying to get out, you damn ghost! I must stay at home to feed my wife and son. If I don't pay the rent, I would rather go to court and have them lock me up! 】

[Pay rent and immediately borrow new debt. I borrowed a debt of four cents and five cents to pay the rent...]

【Tian Zhen is so talented! 】

[Refund the rent and run away. I think those who escape are quite happy. 】

[Fleeing away, the debt is gone, and there is no need to pay off the meeting money. It’s a good plan, let’s go together! 】

【Who comes out as the brains? There are several heads among them who are fleeing the famine. Men and women, old and young, all listen to the heads. 】

[I think it’s not bad to go to Shanghai to work. The little king of our village, isn't he? I work in a factory in Shanghai and I heard that my monthly salary is fifteen yuan. Fifteen yuan, according to today’s price, is three tons of rice! 】

The difference lies in the following paragraph: [Why are you looking at the old calendar for the next year! Shanghai...many factories have closed down, and Xiao Wang is working as a beggar there. You still don’t know? 】

【The road is cut off. Everyone was silent for a moment. 】

However, at this time, many factories in Shanghai, plantations in Nanyang, and cotton fields in northern Jiangsu were not closed.

The road is not cut off, and everyone does not need to be silent.

Tenants, give up your rent, run away and go to work.

Gentlemen, let's manage the land and grow cash crops to pay the unavoidable land tax. No rice or in-kind tax will be collected, only silver banknotes will be collected. Those who don't pay taxes will be expelled from their jobs and those who owe taxes will not do.

Yeoman farmers, let women receive looms and cotton yarn from merchants to earn the remuneration for their labor.

As for the ending, it is similar:

[The old saying "low prices hurt farmers" became a trending headline in urban newspapers. 】

[The landlords felt that rent collection was difficult, so they gathered together and sent out electricity, saying to the effect: The harvest has been extremely good, there is a surplus of food, and the price of food is low. The farmers are suffering, and we should ask for a joint relief plan. 】

[Industry is silent. With the price of rice low, workers can be exempted from "rice stickers", which is beneficial to them. 】

[Social scientists have published papers in various magazines. From statistics and academic perspectives, the theory of food surplus is simply a joke. 】

[These are all things that happen in the city, and the "countrymen" have no idea at all... Some of them ran away and quietly climbed onto the fourth-class train bound for Shanghai...]

There are no fourth-class trains in Dashun yet, but there are waterways extending in all directions. Boat after boat of Jiangsu tenants began to learn the concept of time: what time to get up, what time to go to work, what time to eat, and what time to finish work.

And what time is it.

There is also the accent of Northeast China outside Guanhai, with Huaiyin, Wu dialect and Yangzhou dialect gradually appearing.

For example, this group of people were debating in a wine shop in Sanjiangkou County, Huanglong Prefecture, whether the two-foot-eight cloth in Nantong had twine or not.