super music master

The unified autocratic imperial power existed at the institutional level of power culture. This cultural system at the institutional level was continuously improved by successive dynasties. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the imperial power was on the verge of collapse. Li Hongzhang and others still believed that Hua

The various systems of the country are far superior to those of Western countries. Because Li Hongzhang could be regarded as a very enlightened political figure at that time and wanted to change. This can also be seen from the negative side of the completeness and stubbornness of the feudal autocratic system.

In fact, as long as we compare the modern political system with the entire imperial autocratic system, we can see the essential difference. The civil service system built around imperial power is an ancient bureaucratic system, and it is by no means a modern one.

The civil service system and the imperial examination system are by no means the selection of civil servants in the modern sense. The armed forces system is even further away from the concept of "the country's army". Loyalty

There is really no essential difference between loyalty to the emperor and loyalty to warlords or bandit leaders. The Six Ministries of the Central Committee and the Military Aircraft Department seem to have simplified the political power structure. However, this does not affect its incompetent bureaucratization and the breeding of a large number of power levels at all levels.

Power brokers, urban foxes and social rats. For a large country with a vast territory and a large population, it is not efficient at all, let alone a "small political axe" in the modern sense!

"Power can easily corrupt people, but absolute power can absolutely corrupt people." China's autocratic imperial power is the most complete, most extreme, and most unsupervised absolute power in the world. Its status as king of the world, annihilation and flattery

The environment of small groups and small crowds, and the social atmosphere of unconditional submission, recognition, and worship of power formed by Chinese people who have been subjected to authoritarian rule for a long time; especially

A series of stylized language, music, and stylized body movements of total surrender formulated by Shusuntong Dingchao are all conducive to the formation of a religious and psychological set-up, all of which serve to establish absolute power. Except for the emperor

In addition, the officials at each level below also follow a similar pattern, thus establishing the absolute power of each level.

After the 1911 Revolution, although the imperial power was overthrown and court rituals were abolished, the Chinese nation's psychological stereotype of power worship has not been completely eliminated. To this day, many people in China's power class and a large part of the people have not completely surrendered to the power of the emperor.

Wake up from a dream. The status of absolute power and the environmental atmosphere have not been eliminated. The status, environment, and atmospheric conditions that corrupted the ruler's mind have not been eliminated.

has not been eliminated. The so-called psychological environment of "as official power comes in, popularity gradually goes out" is still there. Therefore, the highest power in Chinese society and the public power of governments at all levels often cater to such mentally retarded people. The officials below will say

They say a lot of ridiculous things and do a lot of ridiculous things. This is why big words, empty words, lies, clichés, bad words, and stupid words are often popular among the upper class of China.

Coupled with the arbitrary decision-making mechanism of individuals, major matters related to the national economy and people's livelihood, domestic and foreign affairs are often decided emotionally and rashly. The longing for a "wise and powerful" "wise master" is an eternal complex of the Chinese people. This is

That is the stubborn authoritarian political superstition complex of the Chinese people.

The ruler's moral character, thoughts and emotions, and psychological factors are all likely to become key factors affecting the national economy and people's livelihood. This kind of personal and arbitrary decision-making mechanism is really a dangerous mechanism.

The long-term historical existence of autocratic imperial power has prompted the Chinese nation to form an obsession with blind worship of power, as well as an indifference and numbness to its own awareness of rights. This contrast between power and awareness of rights is an important factor in the formation of the nation's slave and inferior surnames.

The root cause is in the modern civilized world with strong self-awareness and human rights awareness. This kind of slave and inferior surname has formed a strong autocratic and imperial power.

The long-term historical existence has formed a unified thinking mode in Chinese national culture. This thinking mode has led to the closedness of society and the innate rejection of diverse cultures. The autism of individual natural persons is a morbid psychology. And as a person

A country, a nation, China in modern times often plays a lonely, angry and autistic role in the international community. This is also a social pathology.

The historical existence of autocratic imperial power, and the context of discourse hegemony such as "those who gossip abandon the market and those who slander the clan" often create a large number of literary injustices. Under the coercion and inducement of this kind of silver power, out of the

Intentional avoidance and distortion of facts and truth has not only created a lot of cultural garbage, but also accumulated a lot of intellectual garbage (mainly in the humanities). This is the reality of Chinese cultural heritage!

On the road to integrating into modern civilization, an important task for the Chinese nation is to wake up from historical misunderstandings, wake up from the lies of sacred imperial power, and wake up from the intoxication of worship of power. Comprehensively clean up and criticize this heavy task.

Historical heritage. Nail all the tyrants and collaborators in history to the pillar of shame of history, so that future generations will remember their sins. Only in this way will the Chinese nation have a clear historical sky!

Of course, this kind of thinking is really not easy to crack. After all, it is a culture inherited from historical roots, especially Confucianism.

As the founder of Confucianism, Confucius was an educator, political thinker and writer. His ideological system is based on a series of basic concepts. These basic concepts are benevolence, etiquette, righteousness, and faith.

filial piety,

Compatibility, loyalty, forgiveness, doctrine of the mean, virtue, Tao, etc. These concepts, starting from the love of blood and family, are extended to "the benevolent love others". They are all humanized and humane. The core of these concepts are "benevolence" and "benevolence" and "benevolence".

"Ritual". "Benevolence" is a moral concept

Concepts and qualities. And "ritual" is a social and political system as well as an ethical norm. "Benevolence" is a moral attribute, and "ritual" is a moral standard. The combination of the two creates a country and society.

A high realm. This high realm is also

It must be achieved and maintained with the ideological qualities of righteousness, trust, filial piety, brotherhood, loyalty, forgiveness, moderation, morality, and Tao of personal cultivation. Especially in order to prevent going to extremes, the golden mean of "too much is not enough" is emphasized. This is a kind of

ideal social realm.

Mencius, as the second founder of Confucianism, developed the theory of benevolent government on the basis of Confucius' thought, the theory that the people are the foundation of the country, and the theory that the people value the king and despise him. He advocated that "the property of a wise king who governs the people must rely on those who can serve their parents, and those who can serve their parents."

An animal wife will be full for life in happy years, and will avoid death in bad years." He advocated that "the people are the most important, the country is second, and the king is the least." He also proposed: "The heart of compassion is the root of benevolence, and shame is the most important thing.

The heart of evil is the root of righteousness; the heart of resignation is the root of etiquette; the heart of right and wrong is the root of wisdom." It is advocated that we should "cultivate our awe-inspiring aura". The so-called "awe-inspiring aura" is actually the spiritual state of moral cultivation.

It is a spiritual state that regards fame and wealth as dirt, can sacrifice one's life to become a benevolent person, and sacrifice one's life for righteousness. This series of theoretical propositions are all based on the starting point of human beings being good.

The Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius has a strong color of humanistic ideals. Confucius's "lord, minister, father, son, son" is also an expression of an ideal social order. What is pursued is that each person maintains his own role and

The realm of responsibility. Even though Confucius' people-centered thought has a strong flavor of serving the people, empowering the people, and governing the people, under the historical conditions at that time, it was still a kind of "benevolent government" that recognized reality and was reasonable.

In short, the pre-Qin Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius is the main part of Chinese traditional culture that represents social justice, justice, and conscience. China wants to build a personal ethical and moral system. In addition to freedom, liberty, and the rule of law,

In addition to the universal values ​​of human rights and human rights, it also retains the ethical and moral framework with its own national cultural characteristics. Many contents of Pre-Qin Confucianism can be carried forward.

Qin Shihuang established a unified and highly centralized imperial power system with the help of Legalists. The design of the political system and legal system by Legalists was quite complete and comprehensive under the historical conditions at that time. In other words, the legal system

The family figures designed a complete legal system for traditional imperial power.

However, at the level of social ethics, that is, the design of orthodoxy is almost blank due to their despicable personal personalities. A society that lacks orthodoxy is a society that cannot withstand ethical questioning. The tyrannical rule of the Qin Dynasty was short-lived.

It is an inevitable result. Lack of orthodoxy is also one of the reasons.

In the Han Dynasty, the supreme ruler must of course learn from the lessons of the previous dynasty. Liu Bang implemented a series of frivolous corvee and small taxes, rested with the people, let nature take its course, and ruled by inaction. Therefore, although he retained the unified imperial power

system, but social conflicts have been alleviated and a relative peace and stability has been restored.

During the development period, Liu Bang appointed the Confucian scholar Shusun Tong to formulate the imperial rites. Shusun Tong was a so-called person who "knew the changes of the times."

He became a repetitive villain. The court rituals he formulated were to make the ministers "all fearful and respectful" in front of the emperor.

No one dares to shout and be disrespectful." The reason why this kind of court ritual became a model for later generations of court rituals is because it fixed the subordinates' subservient status to the emperor from a formal system and a psychological level. Through a series of stylized language, music

, ceremonial guards, specifications and prostrate body language. Position the emperor in

It is a position that is sacred and inviolable and must be 100% surrendered. The relationship between Western monarchs and ministers is far from reaching this absolute level. Western ministers see the monarch kneeling with one leg, which is a historical preservation function and is an early stage for the establishment of Confucianism.

A complete set of religious etiquette systems has been prepared.

At the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Che appointed Dong Zhongshu to "depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect only Confucianism." This began to establish the dominance of Confucianism in the field of Chinese thought.

The Confucian system established by Dong Zhongshu downplayed the humanistic ethics and affinity of Confucianism and Mencius in the pre-Qin Dynasty. It transformed Confucianism into a complete set of theological systems with the interaction between heaven and man as the core and the skeleton of Yin and Yang and the Five Elements. The core of this system

It is the deified imperial rule,

Standardizing the order of imperial power and emphasizing the "divine right of kings" provided the theological basis for imperial power. In his hands, the Confucian system became a theological system similar to religion. Thus, Confucianism actually became "Confucianism". This is

The essence of Dong Zhongshu’s transformation of Confucianism.

The composition of the universe of "Yin Yang, Five Elements, Four Seasons and Four Directions" and the ethical norms of the Three Cardinal Principles and the Five Constant Constituents constitute Dong Zhongshu's explanatory framework for the universe and human society. This is the framework that a religious system must first establish. Then it must find an object of worship.

What Confucianism requires people to worship is

A human god - the emperor. He is a living natural person. This natural person will be born, old, sick and die. Therefore, the object of worship is constantly changing. However, the interpretation of the divine right of kings and the unity of heaven and man has made him deified. This has completely deviated from

Confucius’ principle of “not talking about strange powers and confusing gods”.

Confucian philosophy is a worldly philosophy, while religious philosophy is a worldly philosophy. Therefore, the attempt to turn Confucianism into Confucianism has a major inherent flaw and is an almost irreconcilable contradiction. Therefore, the Confucian system founded by Dong Zhongshu,

Although it has all the characteristics of religion

Characteristics, we can still only call it a quasi-religion. If this quasi-religion plays the role of a nation’s spiritual home, there is a huge and irreparable flaw. Therefore, it leads to the Chinese national religion.

Weakness of consciousness and lack of faith in the spiritual home.

The theological ideological system of the unity of nature and man constructed by Dong Zhongshu downplayed the humanistic ethics and family affection that the pre-Qin Confucianists valued; it downplayed Confucius and Mencius' benevolent political thoughts of "the people are the foundation of the country" and "the people are valued and the monarch is valued";

The true connotation of "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and faith" strengthened the imperial rule and feudal order. This process of dilution and strengthening completely changed the nature of Confucianism. This kind of leaving the name behind the reality

of secret exchange

Conceptual techniques became the common techniques used by successive Chinese rulers. Later, the so-called Confucian masters who were officially praised by the government gradually improved and supplemented the Confucian ideological system, deepening the combination of Confucianism and feudal politics. All of them adopted this technique more and more.

Far away. The numerous schools of Confucianism and the numerous Confucian classics in history are all getting further and further away from the main purpose of Confucius and Mencius' thoughts. And most of them have become mysterious and mysterious, and they are incomprehensible!

From then on, Confucianism and Mencius were hijacked by the imperial system as a whole, playing the role of political ethics. The essence of Confucianism was diluted, stolen, and obliterated. Although Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties was the discovery and development of certain contents of Confucianism, it contributed to the development of imperial power.

The rational spirit within the system has returned to a certain extent, but it cannot change the fate of Confucianism being hijacked as a whole and becoming an ideological and spiritual slave of the imperial power system.

The quasi-religious system of Confucianism in China, as the dominant ideology in China, has always been the ideological governance resource of China’s feudal rulers. No matter whether the emperors in history were obsessed with Buddhism or Taoism, or even

Some kind of foreign ideology, or the latest

The high rulers became members of a foreign nation. In fact, from the perspective of consolidating imperial rule, they still ate Confucian food. Because the subjects of China had been educated by Confucianism to the point that even subconsciously, they would kowtow to the emperor and Bodhisattvas.

As long as it is orthodox, I will support it.

This kind of quasi-religious political ideology has always comprehensively influenced the Chinese nation. As a result, China has been in a quasi-theocratic social form for more than two thousand years. As we all know, in the history of the world, no matter what kind of

When a nation-state is in the social form of theocracy, it is without exception in the dark period of its history. Therefore

As a period of theocracy, it must be the most extreme period of rule. In this way, through the rule of Confucian thought, the Chinese state has been in a social form of quasi-theocracy for a long time. In this social form, the state fully controls

It affects the political life, economic life, cultural life and spiritual life of the people. It strangles the inner vitality of society to the extreme.

It is precisely because of this long-term foundation of a quasi-theocratic social form that in certain historical periods, such as the "Cultural Revolution" period, the role of state power became an all-powerful one. The degree of national and social integration reached

to a degree unique in world history. An extremely simple

The social life model of this country regulates the people of a country with a population of hundreds of millions in this way. As a result, the entire country is in a kind of religious fanaticism. The vast majority of the people are so poor in material life that they only have enough to sustain their lives.

Marginal. This is the extreme form of the Chinese-style theocratic social form!

Our nation should be wary of this form of rule that resembles theocracy, because it brings too many disasters. State power and public power should never be combined with any ideological system. Otherwise, it will be difficult

If the evil surnames that control state power expand, state power will definitely be alienated. The people's rights to freedom and independence can only be empty words!

Because they know that the reputation of Legalist figures is too bad. Most of the later rulers of China followed the political line of advocating Confucianism for practicing law, promoting Confucianism and law, and complementing Confucianism and Legalism. Regarding the political theory and system design of Legalism, they only practiced and did not explain it.

. Confucian theory is only talked about but not practiced. As for a very few rulers in history, they openly jumped out to praise the law and belittle Confucianism. This is just the madness of their evil nature shamelessly revealed!

Confucianism and Legalism in the pre-Qin period were originally two ideological systems that were completely incompatible in terms of concepts. Later, they were forcibly linked together by the feudal rulers of China. A gentle and honest priest whose main characteristic is education.

, the role of executioner who was cruel and harsh, with severe punishments as the main theme was played by Confucianism, and was played by Legalists. This completed the construction of an ultra-stable structure of autocratic rule. This orthodoxy

The contradictory combination with the legal system is a strange phenomenon in Chinese culture. It is also the source of many contradictory phenomena in China. Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts on governing the country in response to nature, Laozi's warning that "governing a big country is like cooking small fresh food". For Confucianism

In China, the principle of complementarity between laws and regulations has become a foregone conclusion, which is tantamount to playing the harp to an ox. Since then, this big country has been tossed over and over again, and the tossing has become a historical mechanism, and there is no peace anymore.

Confucianism after Dong Zhongshu continued to build a political, philosophical, ethical, and moral system for the feudal totalitarian system. There were many people who contributed to Confucian theory in Chinese history, such as Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming, etc.

.There are also intellectuals with outstanding qualities and noble personalities among them. However, due to their ideological

The idea is based on the recognition of a huge theological autocratic system. Therefore, the results of their ideological efforts must ultimately serve to maintain this foundation. The content is also to enhance the ethics of this theological autocratic system.

Moral color is the main theme. The result essentially plays the role of constructing an empty moral system.

Ethics should be "a science that makes human beings glorious." To make human beings glorious, we must first be people-oriented and fully embody the humanistic spirit and human concern. The feudal Confucian teachings of the past dynasties have built an ethical framework. The first established order is "king, minister, father and son"

".yes"

If the king wants his ministers to die, the ministers have to die; if the father wants his son to die, the son has to die." It means "starving to death is a small matter, but losing integrity is a big deal." The setting of these ethical and moral standards is to ignore the value of personal life and to obliterate life.

It is based on needs. It is essentially anti-human and anti-humanity.

In the moral standards of Chinese Confucianism, moral reasons trump reverence and cherishing life. Until now, this concept is still deeply rooted in the subconscious of the Chinese people. Indifference to life and the inability to treat life well are still the traditions in the bones of the nation.

The ethics of Confucianism deliberately dilute the ideas of human nature and human rights in the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius. It almost completely obliterates the basic attributes of human beings as "economic man" and "biological man". Material desire has become a sin. The "moral man"

"The attributes of the surname have been elevated to the point of "preserving heaven's principles and destroying human desires".

This kind of ethical and moral design has caused most members of the society not to agree with this moral teaching from the heart, and do not really follow it as a moral standard. As a result, China's ethics and morality have long been just a pale and nihilistic setting. This

This historical phenomenon has led to the inability to establish an ethical and moral system based on human surnames and human rights. The lack of ethics and morals that are consistent with human surnames has produced rounds of mental confusion and recurring periods of moral decay.

This is also the historical reason why China's hypocritical culture has become a cultural surname. China's new ethical and moral construction, after the fall of the feudal monarchy, still always follows the ideas of Confucian ethics and morality. It follows the establishment of a "moral man"

, obliterating the idea of ​​​​the attributes of "economic man" and "biological man". For example, "never self-interested, dedicated to benefiting others" is the modern version of this "moral man" standard.

This Taoist system of Confucianism is the reason for feudal autocratic rule. The highest reason is "the divine right of kings." Dong Zhongshu has an important discussion in "Spring and Autumn Fanlu": "The king who is appointed is the will of heaven, so the name

He who is the 'Son of Heaven' should regard Heaven as his father

, Serve Heaven with filial piety. Those who are called "Princes" should treat them as the Son of Heaven; those who are called "Doctors" should be loyal and trustworthy and uphold their etiquette and justice, so that the good will be greater than the righteousness of ordinary people.

The word 'scholar' means things, and the word 'people' means peace. Scholars cannot be transformed. It can be used

The above discussion shows that the king, ministers and people have different statuses and different levels and have different requirements. The moral requirements for the "king" are almost fictitious, because "Heaven" is fictitious and the people

'It means to be silent, to be silent is to close one's eyes, to be blind.

There is almost no need to consider it. In the minds of successive rulers of China, the common people have never had an important position, because they do not have votes in any sense. The strict ruling system means that the common people do not constitute an influence on the rule most of the time.

threats.

Confucian culture has given the emperor, a natural person, enough divine surname. No matter who becomes the emperor, he is a saint, omniscient and omnipotent. To this day, many Chinese people still habitually regard the supreme ruler as omniscient and omnipotent.

It is this kind of Confucian culture that makes the supreme rulers of the Chinese dynasties always look at religion with a condescending eye. His admiration for religion is limited, reserved, and utilitarian. He has a deep heart.

There is a lack of reverence for the gods and heaven, let alone enough gratitude.

This psychological state of the supreme ruler's lack of reverence and gratitude to the gods and gods led to the supreme ruler's lack of psychological restraint on himself, which led to frequent outbreaks of arrogance, cruelty and unkindness in many emperors.

In particular, Qin Shihuang's large-scale destruction of history and culture, such as burning books and harassing Confucians, destroying ancestral temples in various countries, relocating wealthy households, and casting golden figures, set a bad historical precedent. This led to the destruction of Buddhism many times in Chinese history.

The destruction of Taoism, and the frequent occurrence of large-scale destruction of history and culture like the Cultural Revolution

The multiple surnames of China's political moral standards constitute the multiple surnames of personality. Although Confucianism regulates the emperor's political ethics and the political ethics of his subjects, "the people are more important than the monarch" and "benevolent government" have always been just illusions and unspoken rules of officialdom.

, the hidden rules and the explicit rules of Confucianism

They are always quite different. When the emperor behaves recklessly and does not abide by political ethics, his subordinates will create thousands of reasons for it. They will also try to cover up the huge consequences caused by the reckless behavior. When writing history, they will "tamper with the dignity". So China's

History is always shrouded in clouds and fog.

In this way, due to the efforts of Confucianism, China's autocratic system became a system supported by a huge system composed of myths and lies. It became a system maintained by violence and violence. "The king of heaven and earth, his relatives and his teacher"

It is a typical expression of the Confucian ethical hierarchy. Later it was changed to "Heaven, Earth, Country, Teacher", which is still a typical expression with a strong Confucian color. The mystery of the stolen concept is not difficult to understand.

Some people say: "Westerners regard religion as their religion, while Chinese people regard culture as their religion." The deeper meaning of taking culture as their religion is that China's Confucian culture of more than two thousand years is the future of China.

As a religion, the imperial power system regards the emperor as a living

Idol worship, thus building a quasi-religious system and a quasi-theocratic social form. The rulers of China have always attached great importance to ideological control for more than two thousand years. This is the

Lack of religion in the modern sense

The fundamental cause of resources. A complete religion in the modern sense should be a religion that has fully completed the separation of politics and religion. It has an important force in maintaining social morality and order. (Of course, it is not the only force) acting as

The role of human spiritual home. A society lacking religious resources is like a social ecological system whose spiritual home is in ruins. It is a incomplete and sick system. In the cultural reconstruction of the Chinese nation, cultivating healthy religious resources is an important

content.

After human society entered the civilized era, the highest representatives of secular power and spiritual power were specially selected objects for a long period of history. For example, the "divine right of kings" was the highest secular power; for example, the highest religious and spiritual power was given to Jesus.

, Buddha, Confucius, Muhammad and other specific objects. This special selection phenomenon is an inevitable phenomenon in human society for a long historical period.

This special selection phenomenon of the highest representatives of secular power and spiritual power began to change during the European Renaissance. In the field of spiritual belief, religious reform was a process of secularization of religion, and it was also the shift from special selection to universal suffrage for the highest representatives of spiritual power.

process. Secular power has also gradually realized the transition from special selection to universal suffrage through the process of comprehensive decentralization of society.

The result of special selection leads to mysticism, while the result of universal suffrage is freedom**. The philosophical connotation of this is already quite clear in today's world.

The entry into the universal suffrage structure politically and ideologically has given human society a much broader and freer space for development. This is an extraordinary leap in the development of human society.

In Chinese society, from the emperor to the sages, that is, the supreme ruler and the object of spiritual worship, they have always followed the idea of ​​"mandating from heaven" and "heaven sends great responsibilities to people", thus making the objects of special choice.

China is an ancient civilized country that was founded on agriculture. It is also an ancient civilized country that is famous for its water control. The important position of Dayu's water control in ancient history is evidence of this. The idea of ​​​​focusing on agriculture and suppressing business, and the self-sufficient small farmer economy have been throughout China.

The feudal society of China has always existed. This kind of system that seriously inhibited circulation

It is impossible for the economic system to develop an industrial revolution based on the development of science and technology. It is also impossible to develop capitalism based on a market economy. However, it can develop an economic system that values ​​kinship, emphasizes group consciousness, advocates collectivism, and is based on patriarchal laws.

System-based traditional totalitarian society.

China is a country with a long history of ancestor worship. The legends about the Chao clan, the Suiren clan, the Shennong clan, the Xuanyuan clan and Yao, Shun and Yu in ancient times are clear evidence of this kind of ancestor worship. Blood relations are the basis of ancestor worship.

The physiological and psychological basis of worship. Ancestor worship in the clan era later materialized into ancestral temples, and later evolved into clan temples. The theoretical and organized ancestral temple and clan system is the basis for the existence and development of the patriarchal system.

Ancestor worship has profoundly affected the family structure and social structure of China. It has also affected social psychology and ideology. The clan system, which developed based on blood ties and group consciousness, was gradually developed into a patriarchal system by later feudal rulers.

The social basis of feudal rule.

After the family and family system were established, ancestor worship within the family has been different from that of the clan society. It has evolved into strict blood relationships and orderly genealogy records. The existence of this family system in society has the function of resisting disasters and protecting the clan members.

, the function of promoting unity and connecting feelings. It also plays an important role in property inheritance and power transfer.

The core of the patriarchal system of the Zhou Dynasty is the inheritance law of "subjecting the people to the territory" based on clan blood. The relationship between the emperor, princes, officials, officials, and scholars is not only a political relationship between monarch and ministers, but also a blood relationship between large and small clans.

The authority of Emperor Zhou is

Limited, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were constantly challenged by powerful princes. Since the unification of Qin, this pattern has been broken. The power of the clans connected by blood has been greatly weakened. Not only the ancestral temples of each princely country were destroyed, but also the wealthy people in the hometown of the Six Kingdoms.

Of

The family was also all moved to Xianyang. The emperor's exclusive royal power, especially the emperor's personal authority, was greatly strengthened. The family and the country were homogeneous, and the color of the country as the home was strengthened. In essence, the degree of totalitarianism was greatly strengthened. The power of the Zhou Dynasty

The color of being dispersed and restrained is gone. This kind of dominance of one family does not allow other political power patterns. On the contrary, it has greatly weakened the foundation of national political power. It can only be maintained by tyrannical means. Therefore, the Qin Dynasty "Second Life"

"Cut" and soon collapsed.

The rulers after the Han Dynasty learned from the lessons of the Qin Dynasty and gradually improved the patriarchal system with the purpose of maintaining the authority of the emperor and the feudal order. The core of the Gangchang teachings founded by Dong Zhongshu is the "Three Cardinal Guidelines". That is, "the king is the guideline for the ministers, and the father is the guideline for the son."

"The husband is the guideline for the wife." This established the ethical foundation for the small family in the world to maintain the royal family; thus it also laid the foundation for future Confucianism.

It laid a theoretical foundation for religious theorists to improve the politicization of the family and the familialization of the country. "Ruling the world with filial piety" is a typical expression that emphasizes this core. From then on, the family system and the national system were integrated into one. The word "country", with family as its core

The root of the word, its profound meaning lies here. The social structure, theory and organizational form of "family-state isomorphism" are all in it.

China was once a society based on family units. A family with "four generations living under one roof" or "five generations living under one roof" is actually a small family. The emperor has a royal family, and ancestral family laws are the norms that the royal family follows, even if they are ruled by foreigners.

The Qing Dynasty was no exception. The royal interests were the highest interests. There were officials at all levels in the middle, and there were families among the people.

The officials represent the interests of the royal family to the superiors, and the interests of the wealthy families to the subordinates. Among the people, the interests and honor of the family are the most important. If someone in the family commits a royal crime such as "treason", it may

The family suffered a catastrophic disaster. And if you were honored for your "loyalty, filial piety, loyalty, and martyrdom", it would be the supreme honor of the family.

Rong. In order to obtain their own safety and order within the family, people who live together in a clan must abide by clan rules in addition to royal laws. The so-called "state has national laws, and families have family rules" means this. Don't think of family rules as

It’s just an understatement of spanking on the floor. Until modern times, some clans opened ancestral halls.

The chief can still decide to impose death sentences such as Shen Tan on clan members who commit "serious crimes against moral ethics". If there is a conflict with other clans, he can still decide to fight with weapons that will kill a large number of lives. The official will not even

Investigate. The reason why the royal family delegates some powers of life and death to clan power certainly has a deep meaning.

The imperial autocratic rulers of the past dynasties have always retained the chain-linked punishment of "clan execution". It means handing over power and responsibilities to the clan.

There are not a few people who are punished by their clans for committing crimes. Therefore, everyone in the world

In order to avoid such a tragic end, the family must try its best to restrain its members and not violate the royal rule of "unforgivable crimes". The core function of the Chinese patriarchal system is to use lineage to maintain the monarchy and use family power to consolidate imperial power.

, using family law to supplement national law.

In the history of China, in addition to turning state power into the royal private power, the royal family also turned some public power into private power and handed it over to clan power. Apart from this, there was almost no private public power (non-political power).

The public power of the organization). This configuration has deep-seated implications. The primary implication is that this part of civilian power not only does not threaten the imperial power, but also protects it.

The role of imperial power. Of course, if the power of the clan develops to the point of threatening the royal family, the supreme ruler will inevitably weaken it. For example, for a period after the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of the gentry gradually became stronger politically and economically, and finally developed to pursue the highest military power.

The level of power. So there was a process in history in which the central government consciously attacked, contained and weakened the tyranny of the gentry.

The imperial power system and the patriarchal system of the family and the country are still linked by blood and group consciousness. Chinese families are far less readable than Western families. Ancient Greece and Rome had long replaced collective collaboration with individual family production.

Production. Liquidated the clan system and disintegrated clan communes. And through large-scale military conquest

, captured a large number of prisoners of war, and supplied slave labor to free families, thereby establishing a widespread slavery system. This system was even transplanted to the Americas after Columbus discovered the New World when Europe had entered the feudal period. This can prove that the West

The period of slavery was an important stage in social development.

However, in China, there is actually no universal slavery system in the sense of a historical stage. Identifying the period before the implementation of the well-field system in China as a period of slavery in the Zhou Dynasty is suspected of copying Western theoretical models, which is questionable. Because China

Chinese society entered the civilized era with the umbilical cord of the clan system. It has never completely liquidated the clan system. On the contrary, ancient traditional Chinese society has always had a strong

The clan system. The process of obtaining captives and turning them into slave labor through large-scale conquests like ancient Greece and Rome has no evidence of happening in China. When the Qin State came into being, they tricked Zhao and surrendered 400,000 of their soldiers to Changping, but they did not surrender these soldiers.

Being turned into slaves also proves that the idea of ​​using captives as labor force on a large scale is very weak in China. This is because in China, family private ownership of reading ability has developed.

Incomplete. Therefore, the management conditions for comprehensive utilization of slave labor are not met. The mindset of "In the whole world, is it the land of the king, and on the shore of the land, is it the ministers of the king", which has influenced the Chinese people for three thousand years. This mindset, first of all,

Institutionally and psychologically, all rights belong to the supreme ruler or political axe. The rights of the people can only come from the gift, grant and transfer of the ruler. But the personal rights

Rights and personal rights must also be based on attachment and submission to the ruler. This mindset of rights still exists deeply in the subconscious of the Chinese people, in the hearts of the majority of people in government and among the people. This has come from the Chinese people

It is largely reflected in the property concepts of both political parties and civilians. It is also reflected in the ubiquitous influence of power in the interest game of the whole society.

Land and labor are not owned by free families in a complete sense, but by the monarch. Therefore, China has never had a private property system in the strict sense. The emperor can deprive or grant property to his subjects at will. Therefore, China has never mentioned

There is no slogan of "private property is sacrosanct".

In China, people with slave status are mainly maidservants who serve their male and female masters. They are not laborers engaged in production activities. Even large-scale slave labor such as building the Great Wall, building imperial mausoleums, and digging canals is still forced.

Peasants who were not slaves did so in the form of corvee labor. Therefore, there was no historical process of large-scale emancipation of slaves in the history of China.

China entered the civilized era with the umbilical cord of the clan system, thus developing a patriarchal system based on blood relations and group consciousness. This kind of patriarchal system, after the Qin Dynasty unified China, established a unified and highly centralized system.

The imperial power system was once fatally

However, later rulers woke up to the important role of the patriarchal system in maintaining their rule and retained and improved it. As a result, the patriarchal culture became the culture that runs through China's traditional totalitarian society. This is unique in the history of the development of Chinese culture and the West.

Quite a different place.

China's patriarchal social structure, self-sufficient farming economic model, and the need to strengthen family power have made "there are three unfilial piety, the worst is not having children" and "people are prosperous" have become the mindset of the Chinese people. As a result, a stable period of a dynasty

, that is, the large rural population

During the period of proliferation, the population reached a certain limit and conflicted with the carrying capacity of nature. However, the totalitarian power of the dynasty followed a process from prosperity to decline, from enlightenment to extreme. These two reactions

The trend of development in the direction of the dynasty led to the

Replacement period. The end of a dynasty is the peak period of population growth. Large-scale famine and killings are caused by natural disasters [***]. And the main thing is the large-scale massacre caused by [***], which leads to the massive destruction of the population.

Entering the early stage of a new dynasty, again

A period with a small population base regenerates a period of light corvee, low taxes and rest for the people. This cycle is a historical evil cycle, which makes it difficult for Chinese society to have orderly and progressive historical development space, leading to a negative impact on life.

Destructive extreme indifference and a series of negative consequences.

The isomorphic social structure of the family and the country, which is bound by blood relations, is a conservative social structure in which the old and the new are entangled, and the old ideological system stubbornly sticks to its position. The heavy patriarchal tradition first hinders the political economy at its foundation.

With the progress of scientific culture, people's thoughts are imprisoned in the framework of clan ethics and politics. The neglect of the exploration of natural science also limits the exploration of political systems and humanistic ideas.

Mr. Hu Shi said this: "If someone says to give up your personality and freedom to fight for freedom for the country, I say to you, fighting for your personal freedom is fighting for freedom for the country. Fighting for your own personality. That's it.

It is about fighting for the dignity of the country, a country of freedom and equality, not a group of slaves building it."

Mr. Hu Shi's words must have been inspired by the slave surname of the Chinese people. In China's long-term patriarchal society, due to the worship of power and the disregard for basic personal rights, due to the dependence on historical surnames for survival,

The strong and widespread attachment psychology generated by this state makes people who seek reading personality and personal freedom become aliens in this society. What a terrible social state this is!

Patriarchal law is the law of the ancestors. It is the law of the clan. It is the systematic law that fully privatizes the public power of the country. The core function of the patriarchal law is to maintain and consolidate the unified imperial power. It is still the most important social system of China's totalitarian system.

Structural resources and ruling ideological resources. (To be continued.)