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Stimulated by people's general demand for changing the environment, after the Cluny reform movement, religious enthusiasm in the 11th century also rose. People were generally full of strong consciousness of cultivating the next life, believing that this life is unfortunate and pursuing the blessings of heaven...

Therefore, the prevalence of empiricism and asceticism are widely prevalent, and the emphasis on worship of sacred objects and pilgrimage activities has also formed a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Therefore, in the church, soldiers who participated in the Crusades could receive imperial punishment and did not have to be in purgatory after death

When people were suffering from suffering from the middle and could ascend to heaven, people regarded the Eastern Expedition as a path for the salvation of the soul and joined the crusaders without hesitation. On the other hand, since Jerusalem was occupied by Muslims,

The regaining of the Holy Land also became a religious wish for churchgoers. Under the instigation of the church, this wish quickly became religious fanaticism. Therefore, "regaining the holy land" and "helping the brothers in the East" also became a crusader.

Another spiritual pillar of the Eastern Expedition. The above factors are the religious foundations of the Crusade among the vast mass of cathedralists.

As far as the Roman Church itself is concerned, Urban II launched the Crusade in 1095, for

To transfer the unstable factors in Western European society to the East, plunder the wealth of the East, and to relieve the crisis of Western European society, it was also the Cluny faction that the Clanese people have long pursued and realized that the power of church is higher than the imperial power, the Pope is supreme, and attempted to unify one day.

The practical actions and effective measures of the East and West Church. Therefore, when the Islamic Seljuk Turks attacked the Byzantine Empire and the empire was unable to resist, Emperor Alexei I asked for help from the Pope and expressed the reorganization of the Orthodox Church in Rome

When the Pope's will was under the rule of the Pope, it was just enough to give the Pope a sacrificial tribute to the East. At this time, the Byzantine Empire was at slaughtered by others. It was also a great opportunity for the Pope to expand its power and control the Eastern Church. Therefore, the Crusades

All the conditions are met, and launching the Crusader War has become imperative.

In March 1095, Urban II convened a church in Piacenza, northern Italy, and decided to assist Constantinople. Within the following months, he lobbied in northern Italy and southern France to incite the tribe.

The church fanaticism was held in Clement, France in November. The church meeting was held, which was a mobilization meeting and oath-taking meeting. The attendees included more than 600 senior French priests, thousands of knights and clergy gathered outside the venue, and

There were feudal lords, merchants, serfs and civilians from all directions. At the meeting, Pope Urban II delivered a speech that was very inciting the surname, first described the glorious achievements of the French, and then listed the various atrocities of Muslims, and then called for

"Fight against the barbarians", "Aid the brothers in the East", "Jerusalem is the center of the world, the land is fertile, like heaven, waiting for you to save", "Bring the powerful force given by God", without hesitation "Come on without hesitation"

Going to the Holy Sepulchre," so that not only can sin be exempted, but also "the eternal glory of heaven." Urban II also incited his surname and said, "There are poverty, hunger and sorrow everywhere here

, And the East is full of joy and prosperity. Under God's guidance, "Let those who work hard for their meager wages get eternal rewards on the journey to the East." The people present were excited and shouted

"This is God's wish!" So, under the banner of religious jihad, in the fantasy call of soul salvation and economic prosperity, the Crusade, which lasted nearly 0 years, began a war of invasion.

While organizing the Crusades to fight against pagans and Orthodox Church, the Romans Bishop also began trial and judgment on heresy and cruel persecution in Western Europe. On the one hand, it carried out suppression and attacks on heresy crusades.

On the other hand, a special religious court or heresy inquisition was established to judge heresy, which opened up a tragic page in the history of Roman bishops. During the Reformation of the 11th and 12th centuries, some reformers put the

The Roman church was included in the orbit of the monastery, while the other part insisted on marching and preaching, opposing the accumulation of wealth and corruption of life by monks and clergy, and then denied the church regulations and even doctrines formulated by the Roman church, and did not recognize the authority of the church, so they were Rome.

The church was designated as a heresy and was brutally suppressed.

In the first half of the 12th century, the heresy movements surged, and the Arnolds, Qataris, Verdos and others appeared one after another. They not only opposed the [***] of the Roman Church, but also became anti-specialist countries in Western Europe, especially France and Italy.

The power of the struggle was to unite the church and the people of the country, so the church and the people united to suppress the heretic movement. The most famous of them was the cruel suppression of the Qatari faction.

"Qatar" means "purity" in Greek. This faction condemns the secular world and calls itself purity, so it is also called the purity school. It was originally formed by some Paulist believers on the Balkans and was later formed by participating in the Crusades.

Farmers and merchants were introduced to Western Europe and moved to northern Italy and southern France. Among them, the city of Albi, in Touruze, southern France, is the most active, so it is also known as the "Albis". This school was influenced by Eastern thought and believed that

There are two forces in the universe, good and evil. Everything on earth belongs to the demons, and people need to be rescued from the evil world. Believe in the sayings of hell and purgatory, deny baptism and mass, and do not acknowledge that the church can save people, and even deny the pope.

As a demon, he advocated only following the guidance of the Holy See and live a pure ascetic life. At the end of the 12th century, the Albis had surpassed the Roman Church in southern France and was considered the most dangerous enemy by the Roman Church.

In 1179, Pope Alexander III held the third Rutlandsen Church, announcing the expulsion of Albi's heresy, and mobilizing Western European countries to strengthen [***].1 In 9, Pope Innocent III used the nobles and knights in northern France to covet the southeast.

The wealthy crusaders organized to attack the Albis, proclaiming that all those who participated in the attack on the Heretic Crusaders would not be bound by the laws of the state, and that all sins committed in the past and future would be exempted from the church and all debts owed

All are exempt from interest. The Crusaders who fought against heresy attacked the Turuze area as legal robbers. Because they could not distinguish heretics from the many residents, the Pope envoy who followed the army ordered, "Just kill them all and let God

To tell who his people were." So the Crusaders massacred and looted, and continued to fight for four years, brutally suppressing the Albis. In 1218, the people of Turuz broke out again and killed the occupying Tu

The crusaders in the Ruze area thus began a years-long crusade war, which completely destroyed the economy of southern France, and destroyed the Albis and the southern aristocratic forces.

In order to deal with and suppress heresy, the Roman Church not only sent crusaders to conduct large-scale sieges, but also specially established a heresy court or a tribunal to conduct severe trials and cruel punishments on heresy. In 1215, Pope Innocent III held the fourth time.

The Rutlandzon Church issued the "Edict of the Pope" to reaffirm the doctrine and creed, and stipulated that the heretics who have been sentenced should be punished severely by secular politics and confiscated their property; deposed or extorted punishment for not complying with the church's requirements

Bishops and lords who suppress heresy; God who participates in suppressing heresy. Bishops enjoy the same privileges and decrees as the crusaders who go to the holy land; if the accused heretics cannot prove themselves innocent, or commit crimes again after confessing their guilt, the bishop

It should be punished according to the laws and regulations of the church, etc. This "Edict of the Pope" sued the establishment of the Inquisition.

In 12 years, Pope Honnoliu III ordered the establishment of a "Cultural Court" or "Cultural Inquisition" directly under the pope in view of the failure of local bishops to suppress heresy. In 12 years, Pope Gregory IX ascended the throne, quickly promoted the Cult.

The activities of the Inquisition, in 1233, the encyclical provisions were issued that local bishops should fully assist the pope in the judgment of heretics. Inquisitions were then generally established in the various jurisdictions of the Roman Church. These inquisitions were handed over to the Dominic Century.

The Francis Monastery is governed by the Monastery, usually located in a monastery and has a prison. The judge is directly appointed by the Pope, mainly selected from the Dominic Monastery, and interrogation is carried out in secret.

The Heresy Court has formulated a rigorous interrogation regulations: if two people testify, the accusation can be established; the accuser and witness names are not disclosed to the defendant; if the witness withdraws his testimony, he will be dealt with as a co-conspirator of the heretic; if the defendant does not plead guilty, he must

Torturing; not only to plead guilty, but also to report accomplices and suspicious elements; defending heretics should be expelled; after pleading guilty, overturning the case and stolen; if convicted of heretics, all of his property will be confiscated; if the defendant is sentenced to a heretic, he may be sentenced without trial

, those who express repentance will be punished with whipping, imprisonment, etc.

The Inquisition punished heresy in a very cruel way, and it lasted for 500 years. Taking the most brutal Spanish sect and sacrificial court as an example, more than 380,000 people were sentenced to heresy, and 100,000 were sentenced to stolen.

In essence, the Inquisition was also a suppression machine for the entire feudal system. Under the joint suppression of the Inquisition and the secular monarch, by the mid-14th century, the Albis was completely destroyed and the Verdos was also greatly promoted.

Weakened. Starting from the 16th century, the Inquisition gradually declined with the decline of the Pope's power.

The Roman Catholic Church not only suppresses heresy with fire and sword, but also organizes and supports enthusiastic sermons and devotes himself to abstinence, in order to overcome the growing tendency of erosion in the church and from the spirit

In terms of knowledge, it disintegrates and defeats heretic sects. Because it adopts a system of begging and practices, it is called "begging and practices".

The founder of the Dominic Monastery (also translated as "Domine My Society") was the Spanish priest Dominic (1170-1221). He was born into a noble family and entered the Osma Monastery in 1196. 1 3 years after Dominic and Osma Monastery

Bishop Diego discovered Albis and Verdots in southern France, and Roman missionaries were deeply loved. 14 Bishop Diego proposed reformed missionary methods at the Montpellier church.

The plan was that the missionaries could only return their followers to the arms of the Roman church if they were as self-restrained as the Albis, with absurd poverty and enthusiastic preaching. In 16 years, he cooperated with the activities of the Crusaders to attack the Albis, in the picture

A convent was established near Ruz, and he died shortly after returning to the Osmar Diocese. Dominic inherited his missionary policy and established the Dominic Monastery with the support of Honnoli III in 1216, with the support of Honnoli III, with the establishment of a Dominic Monastery, which had men and women.

The monastery held its first plenary session in 2012 and decided to adopt the system of begging and practicing Buddhism. Soon after, the "Charter of the Preaching Order" was compiled. The association focused on preaching, preaching faith, opposing heresy, and actively advocated members to participate in social activities, also known as "Praisal"

Brotherhood". Not only that, it is also enthusiastic about academic research activities and university lecture activities. Famous figures such as Albert, Thomas Aquinas, Eckhart, Taurel, Savonalola, etc., should be

The outstanding representatives of the association, and many universities also have Dominic scholars preaching and preaching. The knowledge and social influence of the Dominic scholars led the pope to appoint them to preside over the ancestral denominations. The Inquisition played an important role in persecuting heretics and progressive ideas. However, objectively

To put it, the ideal pursuit of the Order itself is mainly to establish a humble spirit of self-sacrifice.

The Dominic Monastery developed rapidly with the support of the Pope and the feudal lord. When Dominic died in 1221, the Monastery had more than 60 monasteries, distributed in 8 provinces and regions, becoming a huge force in the Western European churches. In addition, the Monastery

There is also a "second meeting" - a female cultivator and a "third meeting" for ordinary believers. Female monks are not allowed to contact society and are not allowed to preach outside. They can only live in a kind of isolated world in the monastery.

Religious life of inner reflection. The Lances Monastery (also translated as "Franciscans") was founded by Francis of Italy (1182-1226). In 18 years, he followed the teachings of the church and established a spiritual practice.

The group formulated simple and primitive rules, kept the poor and stolen, wore coarse clothes, and made a living by begging for food. In 1210, Innocent III, who was launching a crusade to attack the Albis, approved the establishment of the Francistobegging Society

, and sent to southern France to cooperate with the Crusaders in missionary service. The association called itself a "little brotherhood", often went out to preach, take care of lepers, help the poor, and competed with the Albis for the masses. At the same time, the congregation also went to other areas to preach.

Later, under the leadership of Cardinal Ugolino (later becoming Pope Gregory IX), a complete monastery system was formed. The first council rules were formulated in 1221. In 1223, with the support of Pope Honnoli III, the

The Second Ministry of the Constitution. Later, with the support of the Pope, the Francis Society gained large-scale development and gained many privileges, becoming a reliable force for the Pope to suppress heresy and fight for power and profit with secular monarchs.

Like the Dominic Monastery, the Francis Order also has a "second sect" that is the female sect and the "third sect" established for the lay people. After Francis' death, the internal sect took place.

Split. The faction led by Leo adheres to the "primitive spirit", adheres to poverty, and lives a life of spiritual practice that makes a living by begging for food and labor. It is called the "rules" or "strict school".

Another faction led by Ilia adhered to the traditional Roman monastery system, believing that the monastery is unrealistic to make a living by begging for food, and is called the "hospitalist" or "laxistist". The inpatients received the support of the pope. In 1230

Gregory IX declared that Francis's will to keep the poor is not binding on the entire congregation, which is equivalent to denying the proposition of the rules. In 1245, Pope Innocent IV announced that the congregation of Francis was given to him.

All property ownership belongs to the Holy See, and the Cultivate has the right to use it, and the abide by the rules strongly opposed it. In 1257, Bonaventura, a famous scholastic philosopher in the hospital, was elected as the president of the Cultivate, and he advocated that the Cultivate should have its own

The monastery is to engage in theological research, and the pursuit of theological truth is far more important than begging for food and labor. Preaching and confession are the main themes of the monastery, thus completely overturning the "primitive spirit" advocated by Francis and making the monastery avail

Fundamental change. Bonaventura was therefore called the "second founder". However, although the rules were constantly suppressed by the pope and the inhabitants, they still insisted on the struggle of unyielding. In 1517, Pope Leo

The 10th generation finally officially divided the Francis Association into two factions, each with its own president and leadership body.

In addition, there are the Oss Consort and the Carmelite Society. The Oss Consort was originally a general term for the various monasteries that adopted the Augustine Society rules, but did not initially form a unified memorial service. After Pope Innocent IV and Alexander

The efforts of the IV generations, the unified Ostainee Society was officially established in 1256. The association was directly under the leadership of the Pope, actively engaged in preaching and theological research, and paid special attention to the study of the Bible and Augustine's works, and entered various European universities.

Among them, the Carmelite Society was led by the Italian Bordaodu in 1156 to lead several monks to Mount Carmelite to practice the Carmelite in Palestine, and invited the bishop of the Jerusalem to recruit disciples to build a college.

, a religious order established. The association is committed to "obedience", "chastity", "poverty", "silence", and "fast". Dominic Monastery, Francis Monastery and Osdinistan Monastery,

The Carmelites are collectively called the "Four Beggars and Beggars".

The prosperity of the Roman Catholic Church is not only reflected in the victory of the Church over the royal power, the vast crusades, and the suppression and dismantling heresy, but also in the development of the bishop's theology. The bishop's theology has achieved great theoretical achievements. The bishop's theology.

The theological theory and the practical activities of the Roman Church together constituted the prosperity of the Western Church.

With the successive victory in practice, the Western Roman Catholic Church gradually reached its peak in theory.

The Holy See has always attached great importance to theoretical construction. As early as the beginning of the Holy See's introduction to Western Europe, what it encountered was a nation with a long philosophical tradition. In order to take root in this land, the Holy See has accepted and transformed some ancient Greek and Roman philosophy.

Theories, propositions and concepts are used to establish, improve and prove their own teachings. In the centuries of the early AD, they formed a unique form of Vatican philosophy, namely the Godfather's philosophy. The most famous representative is the 4th to 5th centuries.

Bishop St. Augustine, however, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the church was busy dealing with the new chaos and had no time to take into account theoretical construction, which led to the lack of successors of Augustine. In the following hundreds of years, although the East and West Churches were on theological issues

There have been many fierce debates on the ground, but the philosophical tradition is intermittent. During the Caroling Dynasty, although he once attached importance to education, actively established schools, advocated the seven arts, and produced outstanding theocratic philosophy like Aliugenna

Home, but after all, it is hard to support the building. For about 500 years, the Holy See had no great achievements in the theory of the divine philosophy. After entering the 10th century, the gradual prosperity of the bishops and the need to deal with heresy made the establishment of a unified

The Theory of God's philosophy was mentioned in the process of deliberation. The movement to revival culture that began in the Carolin Dynasty provided a cultural foundation for this. With the increase of schools and the deepening of the revival culture movement, logic gradually gained special

Status. In the 11th century, French theologian Berengary first advocated the study and discussion of theological issues using dialectics, that is, logic, and gradually accepted by other theologians.

This combination of logic and theology not only strengthens and deepens the content of theology, but also enables people to re-understand the philosophical issues, propositions and concepts involved in the Godfather's scriptures, thus forming a new philosophical style and thought, and producing the Holy See's theologian philosophy.

The second historical form of the new divine philosophy was formed in the church's scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic scholastic s

Ancient philosophical thoughts and classics preserved by the Arabs and Byzantines during the Crusades were introduced to Western Europe, and scholastic philosophy reached its peak in the 13th century. This close combination of theology and philosophy formed the heavens. The Bishop during this period

Features.

The basic content of scholastic philosophy lies in the use of logical means such as reasoning and proof of theological teachings, such as the existence of God, the issue of Trinity, the content and meaning of the sacraments, the relationship between the power of the church and the imperial power, etc. In discussion

When these issues are concerned, some philosophical issues are inevitably involved, the most important of which is the debate about commonality (i.e., "general entities"). This debate has been formed within the philosophy of the scholastic school.

Two opposing basic factions, namely nominalism and realism. Nominalism believes that common phenomena are just one name and cannot exist without the ability to read specific things. What really exists is only various specific things, while realism is the opposite.

, believes that common things are real and are the basis for the existence of specific things, and specific things are derived from common things. From these two opposing basic views, scholastic philosophers have also extended different theological conclusions, which constitute

The basic content of the theology of the bishops during this period.

Berengarry, who first applied dialectics to theological research, was a nominalist. He believed that entities could only be something perceived by external senses, and there was nothing real except entities. From this, Berengarry

Lengari opposes the theory of "entity transformation" advocated by orthodox theology at that time, believing that bread and wine in the communion cannot be converted into the flesh and blood of the church through consecration, and that believers receive the body and blood of the church through communion is only a symbolic meaning of spirituality.

.Belengaly's theological views were condemned by the Roman Church, but the theology and nominalist ideas he advocated had a huge impact on later generations.

Roserlin of Compiène, France (about 1050-1123) was an important representative of the early noun theory. Roserlin denied the real surname of common denominator and believed that only individual things had objective real surnames, and common denominator was just names.

, marks, or even just a flow of sound. Applying Rothering's extreme nominal view on theological issues, one must draw conclusions that are incompatible with orthodox theology. For example, the Trinity God is nothing more than a

The name is only the individual existence of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Original sin is only a false name, only the sin of individual actions is real; etc. Rotherin was also affected by these views.

Condemnation of the Roman Church.

The most important representative of early nominalism was Aberal of Brittany, France (1079-1142). Aberal was a student of Roserlin and was also one of the most thoroughly applied dialectics to theological research.

Scholar. He boldly raised doubts about the authoritative thoughts of the church, believing that "because of doubt, we verify, and because of verification, we obtain the truth", and advocated "understanding and then faith". In his famous work "Yes or No" written according to dialectics

In 》, he listed many conflicting propositions of ancient godfathers and church authorities, allowing them to question each other, while leaving the resolution of the contradiction to the readers themselves. Aberal's method became the study of theology by scholastic philosophy.

A typical one.

Aberal inherited Rothering's nominal view, insisting that only concrete things are real existences, and denying the objective real surname of common elements. But he disagrees with Rothering's view of common elements as just a voice

The view of flowing is that although the common form itself is not an entity, it still refers to "invisible things", that is, a similar surname between specific things, which cannot be separated from

Reading is available when the specific things are opened. Therefore, common phenomena are actually concepts in people's minds. People can abstract concepts and think about them separately, but the concept itself cannot exist. This view of Aberal is called "concepts"

Theory, because he overcomes the extreme surname of Rothering, its view is also called "moderate nounism". From this nominal view, Aberal also extended a series of theological conclusions.

He criticized Rothering's "Tritheism", believing that there is only one God, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are just different manifestations and different names of God in different situations; he opposed the original sin theory and believed that the subject of morality was concrete

The individual rather than the abstract human being, what Adam inherited to people is not sin, but punishment; good and evil do not lie in the result of people's actions, but in the intention and motivation of individuals; etc. Aberal's thoughts are also received

Condemnation of the Roman Church.

After the Holy See moved back to Rome from Avinon in 1377, the French were the majority of the cardinal corps, so they did not escape the control of the French king. In 1378, Pope Gregory XI died, and the French-controlled Cardinal corps hoped to move back.

Avinon, but under pressure from Roman nobles and people, elected Italians as Popes, calling Urban VI (reigned from 137-138.9). Urban VI was determined to eliminate French forces and attracted the French cardinal

The dissatisfaction of the regiment. Four months later, the French Cardinals elected Claymon VII of Neva (reigned by 1378-1394) as the pope, declaring that the last election was invalid. Claymon VII and his Cardinals' Order were again

He moved to Avinon, but Urban VI refused to abdicate, and focused on organizing the Holy See in Rome. From then on, in the history of the bishops, the great split between the two emperors began.

The Holy See and Avinon Church attacked each other, expelled each other from religion, and collected taxes from Western European countries. The Holy See and the Holy See and the Holy See and the Holy See and the feudal rulers of Western European countries also supported a pope based on their respective political needs and economic interests.

.At that time, northern and central Italy, most of Germany, Bohemia, Denmark, Sweden, England, Poland and other places supported the Holy See, the King of France, Spain, Scotland, Naples and Sicily in Italy supported the Holy See.

In this way, Western European countries were also divided into two hostile camps, and all cultural departments and people also created public opinion, attacked each other, and supported the pope they supported. In fact, at that time, the bishops of various countries were already controlled by the monarchs of various countries.

The Holy See and the Holy See also relied on the monarchs of various countries to compete with each other.

The great division of the bishop, its chaos, corruption, and plundering of people's wealth, greatly reduced the church's prestige in the minds of Europeans, and the pope's power and prestige also plummeted, and was gradually hated and ridiculed by society.

In this regard, the countries began to withdraw their respective support for the Pope and demanded an end to the separatist situation. At the forefront were the teachers at that time, especially the teachers of the University of Paris. After Marcio proposed that the power of the All-Church Conference (Communist Council) was supreme,

Conrad of the Paris Church of Gieshausen wrote an article to persuade King Charles V (reigned in 136.4-1380) to convene a public meeting with other monarchs. Then Henrik of the University of Paris scholar Langenstein also wrote articles in 1381

Further elaboration was made. The convening of a public meeting to resolve the separatist situation was supported by many people. After various efforts, the Pisa Church was held under the influence of France in 1409, announcing the deposed two popes and the election of Alexander V (1409-1410)

Reigning) was the unified pope. However, because of the rush, the pope refused to abdicate, which led to the situation of the three emperors' stern, which led to the divine division and chaos. In 1414, the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismeng ended.

The divisive situation of the bishop of God forced Pope John XXIII, the heir of Alexander V, to convene the Konstanz church on November 1st, which was the largest number of people in the medieval congresses, with cardinals and bishops,

The Doctor of theology and representatives of the monarchs of various countries attended. The meeting announced that the power of the meeting came directly from the church, and that all the meeting resolutions should be followed. The monarchs of various countries at the meeting reached an agreement to depose the three popes and elect Martin V (1417-1437)

Reigned as the new pope. The Konstanz Conference ended in 1418, and it also ended the Great Secession of the Bishop, but since then the Pope's power has never recovered. In addition, another goal of the Konstanz Conference is moral and administrative reform.

, due to various conflicts of interests, it was not successful.

From 1431 to 1449, another 19-year "marathon" Basel Church was held, reaffirming the Declaration of the Constance of the Constance of the Universal Bishops and the Authoritative Clause of the Council of the Council of the People's Bishops, and the power of the Council is higher than that of the Pope.

, and continued to discuss the unsuccessful church reform and moral reform issues at the Konstanz Conference, and made a series of regulations. However, due to various factors, the Conference did not achieve any substantial results, and the Basel Conference failed.

However, most of the reforms attempted by the Basel Conference became law in France, ensuring that France had escaped from the Pope's involvement with its heavy taxes, creating conditions for the further strength of France. This was not achieved in the division and weak Germany.

From the 14th to the 15th century, the decline of the bishop and [***] put itself in crisis and was challenged in all aspects. The uprisings of peasants and civilians in the form of religious heresy, kings, nobles and

The emerging citizens also rose up to oppose the church. In the heavens, there was a new heresy movement that demanded the reform of the church. This powerful trend sounded the prelude to the Reformation of the 16th century. The most famous representatives were Britain.

John Wycliff (1324-1384), John Husse of the Czech Republic (1373-1415), Gerolamo Savonalora (1452-1498), Dixidiriu of the Netherlands

Erasmus (1467-1536).

John Wycliffe was appointed professor of theology at Oxford University and held a realistic view. In 1374, the British king appointed him as the mayor of Lutworth and the British royal theology consultant. He was ordered to go on an envoy to conduct a ceasefire negotiation with France, and to serve with the Pope.

Negotiations were held for issues such as the clergy in the British. After returning to China, he began to criticize the pope. In 1375 and 1376, he successively published "On the Rule of God" and "On the Rule of the World", advocating that God is the supreme Lord, all power and wealth in the world

All are given by God, and all God gives is the right to use. The secular property of incompetent clergy should be confiscated by secular rulers. Wycliff's claim was brought to the upper class of the priesthood, the religious orders and the Holy See

Oppose. In 1377, he refused to appear in court. In the same year, Pope Gregory XI arrested Wycliffe for five encyclicals. With the support of the court, professors and the people, Wycliffe was spared

Arrest. Faced with the division of the Western church and [***], he launched a strong criticism. He believed that the Bible was the highest authority of every church member and the only law of the church. The Pope who was obsessed with power and wealth was not

God's elect is the "enemy church". Only the church is the real leader of the church. He advocated that the British church should leave the Roman Catholic Church and establish a national church under the rule of the king. Clergy should not own property, tithes should

Change to voluntary donations, etc. These radical claims were opposed by the upper class of the church, but affected the leaders of the British peasant uprising in 1381. However, when the uprising threatened the fundamental interests of the feudal rulers, the British king and the church united to suppress them.

Peasant uprising and persecuting Wycliffe. In 1382, the Archbishop of Canterbury convened the Oxford Church, accusing Wycliffe of being a heresy and forbidding him from public activities. From then on, he was forced to live in seclusion. During this period, he put the Bible into

Translated in Latin into English, he completed the theological work "Dialogue of Three People". He died in 1384.

In 1414, the Congregation of Konstanz condemned him as a heretic, crazily scattered his corpse and burned his works. However, his idea that the Bible was an authority in faith had a huge impact on the later Reformation movement, and the English translation of the Bible was also

Lay the foundation for standard English.

John Huss was born in a farmer family in Czech Republic. In 1402, he served as the president of the University of Prague. He was deeply influenced by Wycliffe and enthusiastically preached, criticized the corruption of the church, demanded the closure of the monastery, confiscated the church's property, carried out church reforms, and advocated clergy.

Obeying views such as the state and national reading ability has aroused the hatred of the upper class of the church. In 1409, Archbishop of Prague, Binnike, sued Pope Alexander VI for his heresy crimes, and Hu Si was expelled from the church.

He continued to stick to his views and activities under the protection of the king and the masses. In 1412, Pope John XIII sent special envoys to the Czech Republic to promote indulgences in order to raise funds for the war against Naples. Huss fiercely criticized this behavior among the masses.

, clamored that only God had the right to punish the crime. In June 1412, the people of Prague held an anti-pope demonstration, which was jointly suppressed by the church and the reactionary rulers. Hus was forced to leave Prague and continue his activities in the southern Czech Republic. His influence was spread throughout the world.

Many areas in Western Europe. In 1414, the German Emperor Sigismeng held a congress in Konstanz. He ordered Hu Si to attend the meeting on the condition of personal safety. Hu Si was immediately arrested by Pope John XXIII after he arrived.

He was thrown into the dungeon of the monastery. After the meeting tried Wycliff in May 1415, Hu Si was sentenced to be guilty of heresy and sentenced to stolen. Hu Si insisted on his belief and would rather die than surrender. On July 6, Hu Si spoke to the masses on the execution ground.

, be executed with mercy.

The death of Hu Si aroused the great uprising of people of all classes in Czech against the Roman Church from 1415 to 1419, known in history as the "Hu Si War". The rebels rushed into churches, burned monasteries, beat clergy, and occupied cities, forming the Czech Republic.

The largest peasant war in history. The defeat of the German Emperor Sigismong "Anti-Bohemian Heresy" Crusaders organized by the German Emperor Sigismong in 14 years, and the fourth and fifth times of the Crusaders were smashed in 14' and 1431.

Attack. However, because the radicals (Tapols) and moderates (Holy Grails) within the rebel army split on the ultimate goal of the uprising, the Holy See took the opportunity to divide the rebel army. Later, the radicals finally became

In 1434, the Liban battle between the Holy Grail faction and the Crusaders were almost wiped out, and the remaining troops were wiped out in 1452. Afterwards, Savonalola led the Florentine people's uprising in 1494, trying to practice Buddhism with an ideal religious and religious life.

The transformation of secular society was sentenced to stolen in 1498. The humanist Erasmus advocated the purity and revival of the church, emphasized the personal inner faith of believers, published the famous "Ode to the Fools", mocking the pope and the bishop, and criticizing the guilty.

, oppose the Pope's inquiries about politics, and hopes that the Roman church will achieve top-down religious policies and oppose the spontaneous religious reform movement of the masses. These ideas had a certain impact on the later Lutheran Reformation.

In Western Europe in the 14th and 15th century, capitalist production relations gradually formed, and the emerging citizens were awakened and they all rose up to break free from the feudal system and the Holy See. With the revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture as the banner, a war was launched with humanism as the core.

The bourgeois new cultural movement, the entire Western Europe began a comprehensive revival in economic, political and cultural aspects, which provided a cultural background for the Religious Reformation movement in the 16th century.

If we develop according to the situation in Wu Ling's memory in his previous life, with the development of the times, people's daily necessities have increased again, so the influence of the entire religion is no longer comparable to that of the past.

In this plane, because of the emergence of superpowers, the entire church was reborn again, and even because of the powerful force swept the entire world in a very short time, forming the largest on the earth now

The superpower organization. (To be continued.)