The Great Ming Dynasty Dominate Overseas

"Reform is the only way for Daming, where unreasonable places must be reformed. Only reform can make the country strong, the army strong, and the people prosperous!

Our achievements did not fall from the sky, but under the leadership of Her Royal Highness Princess Fu Guo. The officials really worked hard, and the people did it with diligence, wisdom, and courage! "

In the Auditorium of Nanjing University, officials and college students gathered together, listening to Ma Shiying talk and talk about "reform", just like a reformer. m.x vertex

If Yan Changwu hears it, I’m afraid that the present is not what it used to be: "Ma Shiying, the Ming, should have been a traitor, and now he has become a competent minister in the world. As long as he doesn’t deviate, Xinming’s historical position Not bad!"

Ma Shiying introduced the official reform, imperial examination reform, army reform, economic reform, land reform, welfare reform, etc., all led by him. It can be described as fruitful. It has made great changes in many aspects of Ming Dynasty. Success has to be admirable!

For example, in the reorganization of government officials, Daming officially gave the cabinet status, which is above the six ministries.

The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was originally an emperor's advisory body established in the fourth year of the Ming Dynasty (1402). Since then, its power has gradually increased and later became the administrative center of the Ming Dynasty. The number of ministers in the cabinet ranges from one to seven.

In the beginning, the cabinet scholars only had the status of consultants, and the emperor had the final decision-making power, while the scholars rarely had the opportunity to participate in the contest, and belonged to the role of soy sauce.

By the time of Ming Renzong and Ming Xuanzong, their status was increasingly respected. Since then, the power of the cabinet has increased day by day. By the middle of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty, Xia Yan, Yan Song and others were in charge of the cabinet, and they became the real prime ministers, and they could also suppress the six ministries.

The cabinet played a very important role. The Wanli emperor did not go to court for 30 years and relied on the help of the cabinet. Zhang Juzheng’s reform as the chief assistant of the cabinet also gave the Ming Dynasty a continuation of his life. In the 276-year history of the previous Ming Dynasty, the emperor was so wonderful. Mediation in the middle is indispensable.

However, such an important institution has always had an awkward position. The cabinet has been formed for a long time, and it has never obtained statutory status. It has never been a formal administrative institution at the central level.

Beginning in Yongle, the emperors of successive dynasties have sent great government to the cabinet to varying degrees, and the emperor "who can rule the world without meeting his ministers, uses the votes of the court ministers to draft the old ears."

However, none of them dared to bear the charge of violating the ancestral system, and none of them wanted to share a part of the imperial power that had been completely victorious. Therefore, the cabinet has made slow progress and has never been able to become a formal administrative agency at the central level.

The fact that there is no name is the characteristic of the cabinet. Because of this problem, the cabinet and the six ministries often compete for superiority and contradict each other.

Throughout the dynasties and the early Ming Dynasty, the six ministries belonged to the prime minister. All things must be carried out by the prime minister. After the withdrawal of the Ministry of Literature and the promotion of the six ministries, the six ministries became directly responsible to the emperor, with complete powers and above the cabinet.

The emperor wanted to "make the big by small", the cabinet officials should be at the fifth grade, and the six books should be at least the second grade, so naturally he was not convinced by the cabinet's control.

With the improvement of the cabinet's quality and the right to vote, the cabinet is closer to the emperor than the six ministries, and the ministries are invaded by the cabinet at different times and to varying degrees.

However, the cabinet is different from the Chinese Ministry of Books.

In terms of system, the six ministries do not need to be subordinate to the cabinet, and the cabinet "everything is not feasible unless it is the lower part." So the cabinet took advantage of its position and respect and tried to control the six ministries, and the six ministries took advantage of the lack of legal status and power in the cabinet and tried to get rid of control. Therefore, the cabinet often fights for power, especially for personnel power.

This fight will naturally lead to no good results. If a dog bites a dog, a hairy mouth and internal friction are indispensable.

Now that the cabinet is rectified, the cabinet is ranked above six, which is tantamount to rebuilding the Chinese Ministry of Books.

"Student Dewey, I would like to ask Ma Xiang, the student cabinet is powerful, which is equivalent to the Ministry of Education. If the power is too large, how does the court check and balance?" The conference was allowed to ask questions, and a young and elegant student stood up and asked.

Secretly calling this question a good question, Ma Shiying introduced: "The cabinet is different from the Ministry of Science and Technology! The cabinet members are determined by the superior and have a term of office. They can serve for four years. If they do well, they can do another term, but not a third term... …"

After all, there are some things that cannot be said. In the previous Ming, in order to restrict the cabinet, the emperor used domestic slaves. The vote of the cabinet, that is, the right to dispose, must be approved by the Secretary of Li Jian tj. This is the emperor's support for tj to deal with the cabinet and strengthen the imperial power.

Although the chief cabinet academician (or the cabinet chief assistant) has the power to vote, he has to rely on the internal eunuchs to deliver bonuses.

The powers of the bachelor's degree are the same as the former prime ministers, but they must cooperate with the **** in order to be in charge, such as Zhang Juzheng and Feng Bao.

The Superintendent of Li and Tj approves the red on behalf of the emperor, and he has great power. He also established the East Factory, the West Factory, the South Factory and the North Factory, which made the civil servants want to die.

Some emperors used the Seri Supervisor tj to fight against the civil officials to prevent the cabinet from having too much authority. Some emperors such as Chongzhen, who had played off, abolished martial arts, and wiped out the eunuchs without checks and balances. The internal dog bit the dog and did nothing. It affected the three armies, so that Chongzhen screamed: "If loyal and virtuous are there, nothing will stop there!"

In the new dynasty, the imperial court abolished the Si Li Supervisor tj, and no longer gave tj the power to approve red. It seems that he also came to Chongzhen second, but!

In terms of the system, the court has the right to personnel in the cabinet, that is, cabinet members are appointed by the court, which to a certain extent guarantees the loyalty of the cabinet members to the court.

The imperial court has severely weakened the civilian officials' control over the army. The army is only loyal to the imperial court. The civilian officials have no say in the military generals. The appointment power lies with the imperial court. Now the auxiliary princess has the authority to appoint military generals.

In addition, the intelligence department is not controlled by civilian officials, and civilian officials will never know how much of their black materials the intelligence department has collected.

When needed, the bomb will be thrown out!

The expenditures of the army and the intelligence department are listed separately, and the civilian officials should not be betrayed. In this way, the milk is the mother, and the civilian officials are unable to supervise the army and the intelligence department.

Therefore, it seems that the cabinet is very beautiful, but in fact, the court has also put a curse on them and cannot do whatever they want.

Also, the power of the Metropolitan Procuratorate has been greatly restricted~www.wuxiaspot.com~ Its power to supervise the conduct of officials has been greatly reduced, especially the abolition of the power to arrest suspected officials. The Metropolitan Procuratorate has not been recognized by the senior officials of the civil government. The court can only report to the higher authorities after conducting reconnaissance.

In the past, the officials of the Metropolitan Procuratorate claimed that they "hold the constitution in their hands and shake the mountains at every turn". They are collectively referred to as officials of science and technology with "Guishizhong". They have the power of impeachment and are often used by high-ranking officials. You come and go. , Interactional impeachment, the court was caught in a partisan struggle, out of control.

The Metropolitan Procuratorate is not there, and they no longer have the right to "tell things". Previously, impeachment officials didn't need to prove evidence!

Impeach anyone who wants to impeach, and now there is no such privilege. The impeacher must show evidence, and if the wrong person is impeached, he must be held responsible.

There are also high salaries to maintain integrity. Since the new dynasty, the salaries of officials have continued to rise, and they have been close to the upper-middle level of the average social income, which is no more than Zhu Chongba's exorbitant salary for officials.

Therefore, the changes are very big, and it is not an exaggeration to say that the officialdom is shaken.

And the bigger one is the reform of the imperial examinations. What has changed is more than a big change. Scholars all over the world are happy and bitter, and they have all kinds of feelings in their hearts!